semenalysis Flashcards
site of spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules (testes):
site of sperm maturation and storage
Epididymis
produces testosterone
Leydig cells
provides nutrients for the germ cells as they
undergo spermatogenesis
Sertoli cells:
propel sperm to the
ejaculatory duct
Vas deferens/ductus deferens:
: provides fructose
Seminal vesicles
produces a viscid, neutral or slightly alkaline fluid often
with a yellow color due to the presence of flavine
- Seminal vesicles
yellow color of semen due to
flavine
provides substrate responsible for the coagulation of
semen following ejaculation
- Seminal vesicles
produces acidic fluid that contains ACP,
citric acid, zinc, proteolytic enzymes
Prostate gland
produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid (pH 6.5)
containing citric acid, proteolytic enzyme (fibrinolysis),
acid phosphatase (distinguishes semen), zinc and
antibacterial agents (choline and spermine)
- Prostate gland
for growth
Spermine
for maturation of sperm cells
Choline
dd alkaline mucus
to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s gland
- produces less than 10-15% of the semen volume
- produces a thick, alkaline mucus that serves to
neutralize prostatic and vaginal acidity
Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s gland:
distinguishes semen form other fluids
acid phosphatase
evaluate prostate function
zinc
major nutrient of spermatozoa
Fructose
liquefaction and coagulation of
seminal fluid
Proteolytic enzymes:
relatively small amount composed of a clear
viscid fluid that originate largely or perhaps exclusively from
the urethral and Cowper’s glands
1st
prostatic secretion along with most of the
spermatozoa with relatively small secretions from the
epididymis and vas deferen
2nd
consists almost entirely of a mucoid
secretion resulting from emptying of the seminal vesicles
3rd
: best method of collection
because it prevents contamination
Self-production or masturbation
Condom collection: requires the use of condoms that are
non-lubricant-containing and made from p
polyurethane.
aspiration of seminal fluid from
the vaginal vault after coitus
Vaginal vault aspiration:
not reliable method of collection
because the first portion of the ejaculate may be lost
Coitus interruptus
Artificial insemination: preserved in frozen state at ____
and stored for ___ year
-85C ; 1 year
PROLONGED ABSTINENCE IS TERMED
pyrospermia
may indicate bleeding
rust to red-brown:
may indicate urine contamination,
antibiotics, prolonged abstinence or pyospermi
yellowish:
ay indicate infection in the
reproductive tract and presence of WBCs
- increased white turbidity:
: infertility color
clear
prolonged liquefaction indicates a possible deficiency
in
prostatic enzymes
ph? possible infection within the
reproductive tract
alkaline
ph? seminal vesicle obstruction, absences of
seminal vesicle or increased in prostatic fluid
Acidic
specific grav
1.027-1.032
main factor which affects the penetrating ability of the
sperm cells through the cervical mucus barrier
Sperm Motility
volume?
2-5ml with 0.1 increments
revitilization using?
ringer’s solution
number of cells per ejaculate
Sperm Count:
number of cells per mL
Sperm Concentration
Sperm Count: ne
- Normal Value
> 40 million/ejaculate
Sperm Concentration:
- Normal ValuE
> 20
million/mL
Diluting Fluids:
- 1.5% sodium bicarbonate
- 2.1% formalin
- 0.5% chlorazene
- 4.1% formalin in sodium bicarbonate
- 5% sodium bicarbonate + 1% phenol in distilled H2O
- Chilled distilled H2O
Recommended Dilution:
1:20
utilizes undiluted specimen
- sperm cells are immobilized by heating
Makler
sperm cells are counted using the 4 corned squares
and the large central square
- both sides are loaded
- counts should agree within 10%
Neubauer Hemocytometer
decreased in the number of sperm cells or
presence of few motile cells
Oligospermia
seen in unilateral or bilateral hypotrophic testes
and hypothyroidism
complete or total absence of spermatozoa
. Azoospermia
seen in bilateral underdeveloped testes,
obstruction, and infection with gonorrhea
. Azoospermia
- presence of dead or immobile sperm cell
- Necrospermia
seen in hypertrophic testes and decreased in
fructose level
- Necrospermia
located at the top of the head and contains
oocyte-penetrating enzymes necessary for ovum
penetration
Acrosomal cap
Acrosomal cap: should occupy
– of the head and __
of the nucleus
½ and 2/3
- attaches the tail to the head
contains mitochondria that provides energy for the
flagellar motion
Neck/Middle Piece
pproximately 45um in length and exhibits a whip-like
motion that propels the sperm cell
- Tail
stain of choice,
papanicolaou
routine normal values
: >30% normal
Kruger’s Strict Criteria
> 14% normal
nvolves measuring the head, neck, tail, and
acrosome
Kruger’s Strict Criteria:
test: decreased motility with normal count
eosin nigrosin stain
low levels associated with androgen deficiency low
testosterone level and seminal vesicle insufficiency
fructose test
decreased motility with clumping
mixed agglutination reaction and immunobead tests
normal analysis with continued infertility
sperm agglutination with female serum
suspected if a specimen has a normal sperm concentration
with markedly decreased motility
Sperm Viability
Living Cells: color
bluish white
dead cells color
red against purple background
normal sperm viability
75%/100sperm cells
Resorcinol test: 1mL of semen + 9mL reagent → color?
orange red color: fructose test
- used as screening test for fructosep
Fructose test
normal pH of semen
7.2 -8
used to quantitate fructose level
in semen; CONFIRMATORY TEST
spectrophotometric
normal values of fructose test
≥ 13umol/ejaculate
detects surface IgG autoantibodies based on a
modification of the Coombs test
Mixed Agglutination Reaction Test (MAR)
Proportions of spermatozoa coated with antibody
- Determines the antibody class (IgG, IgA, or IgM)
- Localization on the spermatozoa
- Immunobead Test
immunobead test: interferes with penetration
Head-directed Ab:
immunobead test: affect motility through the cervical
mucosa
Tail-directed:
(+) result: * Immunobead Test
≥ 20% sperm with bound immunobead
Clinically significant result: Immunobead Test
≥ 50% sperm with bound
immunobead
performed in specialized andrology laboratories for assisted
reproductio
Sperm Function Test
sperm cells are incubated with species non specific hamster eggs and penetration i sobserved microcscopically
hamster egg penetration
observation of sperm penetration ability of partnerts midcycle cervical mucus
cervical mucus penetration
sperm exposed to low-sodium concentration are evlauated for membrane integrity and sperm viability
HYPO-OSMOTIC SWELLING
evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration
in vitro acrosome reaction
post-coital test to determine the quality of the cervical
mucus and the ability of sperm cells to penetrate it
Sims-Huhner Test
etermines the presence of choline
Florence Test
Reagents Florence Test
: potassium iodide and iodine crystals
(+) result: Florence Test
presence of brown rhombic or needle-like
crystals under the microscop
determines the presence of spermine
Barbiero’s Test
Reagents: Barbiero’s Test
picric acid and trichloroacetic acid
Barbiero’s Test (+) result
presence of yellow leaf-like structures
determines the tenacity of the mucus
Spinbarkeit Test
pecimens are tested at monthly intervals, beginning at 2
months after vasectomy and continuing until two
consecutive monthly specimens shows no spermatozoa
Post-vasectomy Semen Analysis
production of ___ involves the disruption
of the blood-testis barrier exposing the sperm cells to the
male immune system or damaging sperm cells surface
determinants eliciting response by the female immune
system:
antisperm antibodies
