semenalysis Flashcards by LUIMER RAMOS

site of spermatogenesis

Seminiferous tubules (testes):

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

site of sperm maturation and storage

Epididymis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produces testosterone

Leydig cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provides nutrients for the germ cells as they
undergo spermatogenesis

Sertoli cells:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

propel sperm to the
ejaculatory duct

Vas deferens/ductus deferens:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

: provides fructose

Seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produces a viscid, neutral or slightly alkaline fluid often
with a yellow color due to the presence of flavine

Seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

yellow color of semen due to

flavine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

provides substrate responsible for the coagulation of
semen following ejaculation

Seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produces acidic fluid that contains ACP,
citric acid, zinc, proteolytic enzymes

Prostate gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid (pH 6.5)
containing citric acid, proteolytic enzyme (fibrinolysis),
acid phosphatase (distinguishes semen), zinc and
antibacterial agents (choline and spermine)

Prostate gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

for growth

Spermine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

for maturation of sperm cells

Choline

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dd alkaline mucus
to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity

Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

produces less than 10-15% of the semen volume
produces a thick, alkaline mucus that serves to
neutralize prostatic and vaginal acidity

Bulbourethral gland/Cowper’s gland:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

distinguishes semen form other fluids

acid phosphatase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

evaluate prostate function

zinc

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

major nutrient of spermatozoa

Fructose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

liquefaction and coagulation of
seminal fluid

Proteolytic enzymes:

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

relatively small amount composed of a clear
viscid fluid that originate largely or perhaps exclusively from
the urethral and Cowper’s glands

1st

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prostatic secretion along with most of the
spermatozoa with relatively small secretions from the
epididymis and vas deferen

2nd

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consists almost entirely of a mucoid
secretion resulting from emptying of the seminal vesicles

3rd

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

: best method of collection
because it prevents contamination

Self-production or masturbation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Condom collection: requires the use of condoms that are
non-lubricant-containing and made from p

polyurethane.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aspiration of seminal fluid from the vaginal vault after coitus

Vaginal vault aspiration:

not reliable method of collection because the first portion of the ejaculate may be lost

Coitus interruptus

Artificial insemination: preserved in frozen state at ____ and stored for ___ year

-85C ; 1 year

PROLONGED ABSTINENCE IS TERMED

pyrospermia

may indicate bleeding

rust to red-brown:

may indicate urine contamination, antibiotics, prolonged abstinence or pyospermi

yellowish:

ay indicate infection in the reproductive tract and presence of WBCs

- increased white turbidity:

: infertility color

clear

prolonged liquefaction indicates a possible deficiency in

prostatic enzymes

ph? possible infection within the reproductive tract

alkaline

ph? seminal vesicle obstruction, absences of seminal vesicle or increased in prostatic fluid

Acidic

specific grav

1.027-1.032

main factor which affects the penetrating ability of the sperm cells through the cervical mucus barrier

Sperm Motility

volume?

2-5ml with 0.1 increments

revitilization using?

ringer's solution

number of cells per ejaculate

Sperm Count:

number of cells per mL

Sperm Concentration

Sperm Count: ne - Normal Value

>40 million/ejaculate

Sperm Concentration: - Normal ValuE

>20 million/mL

Diluting Fluids:

1. 1.5% sodium bicarbonate 2. 2.1% formalin 3. 0.5% chlorazene 4. 4.1% formalin in sodium bicarbonate 5. 5% sodium bicarbonate + 1% phenol in distilled H2O 6. Chilled distilled H2O

Recommended Dilution:

1:20

utilizes undiluted specimen - sperm cells are immobilized by heating

Makler

sperm cells are counted using the 4 corned squares and the large central square - both sides are loaded - counts should agree within 10%

Neubauer Hemocytometer

decreased in the number of sperm cells or presence of few motile cells

Oligospermia

seen in unilateral or bilateral hypotrophic testes and hypothyroidism

Oligospermia -

complete or total absence of spermatozoa

. Azoospermia

seen in bilateral underdeveloped testes, obstruction, and infection with gonorrhea

. Azoospermia

- presence of dead or immobile sperm cell

3. Necrospermia

seen in hypertrophic testes and decreased in fructose level

3. Necrospermia

located at the top of the head and contains oocyte-penetrating enzymes necessary for ovum penetration

Acrosomal cap

Acrosomal cap: should occupy -- of the head and __ of the nucleus

½ and 2/3

- attaches the tail to the head

Neck/Middle Piece -

contains mitochondria that provides energy for the flagellar motion

Neck/Middle Piece

pproximately 45um in length and exhibits a whip-like motion that propels the sperm cell

* Tail

stain of choice,

papanicolaou

routine normal values

: >30% normal

Kruger’s Strict Criteria

>14% normal

nvolves measuring the head, neck, tail, and acrosome

Kruger’s Strict Criteria:

test: decreased motility with normal count

eosin nigrosin stain

low levels associated with androgen deficiency low testosterone level and seminal vesicle insufficiency

fructose test

decreased motility with clumping

mixed agglutination reaction and immunobead tests

normal analysis with continued infertility

sperm agglutination with female serum

suspected if a specimen has a normal sperm concentration with markedly decreased motility

Sperm Viability

Living Cells: color

bluish white

dead cells color

red against purple background

normal sperm viability

75%/100sperm cells

Resorcinol test: 1mL of semen + 9mL reagent → color?

orange red color: fructose test

- used as screening test for fructosep

Fructose test

normal pH of semen

7.2 -8

used to quantitate fructose level in semen; CONFIRMATORY TEST

spectrophotometric

normal values of fructose test

≥ 13umol/ejaculate

detects surface IgG autoantibodies based on a modification of the Coombs test

Mixed Agglutination Reaction Test (MAR)

Proportions of spermatozoa coated with antibody - Determines the antibody class (IgG, IgA, or IgM) - Localization on the spermatozoa

* Immunobead Test

immunobead test: interferes with penetration

Head-directed Ab:

immunobead test: affect motility through the cervical mucosa

Tail-directed:

(+) result: * Immunobead Test

≥ 20% sperm with bound immunobead

Clinically significant result: Immunobead Test

≥ 50% sperm with bound immunobead

performed in specialized andrology laboratories for assisted reproductio

Sperm Function Test

sperm cells are incubated with species non specific hamster eggs and penetration i sobserved microcscopically

hamster egg penetration

observation of sperm penetration ability of partnerts midcycle cervical mucus

cervical mucus penetration

sperm exposed to low-sodium concentration are evlauated for membrane integrity and sperm viability

HYPO-OSMOTIC SWELLING

evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration

in vitro acrosome reaction

post-coital test to determine the quality of the cervical mucus and the ability of sperm cells to penetrate it

Sims-Huhner Test

etermines the presence of choline

Florence Test

Reagents Florence Test

: potassium iodide and iodine crystals

(+) result: Florence Test

presence of brown rhombic or needle-like crystals under the microscop

determines the presence of spermine

Barbiero’s Test

Reagents: Barbiero’s Test

picric acid and trichloroacetic acid

Barbiero’s Test (+) result

presence of yellow leaf-like structures

determines the tenacity of the mucus

Spinbarkeit Test

pecimens are tested at monthly intervals, beginning at 2 months after vasectomy and continuing until two consecutive monthly specimens shows no spermatozoa

Post-vasectomy Semen Analysis

production of ___ involves the disruption of the blood-testis barrier exposing the sperm cells to the male immune system or damaging sperm cells surface determinants eliciting response by the female immune system:

antisperm antibodies