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ANURBF > Microscopic > Flashcards

Microscopic Flashcards

1
Q

May indicate the presence
of certain sediments

A

color

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2
Q

Pathologic or non-pathologic
causes of turbidity

A

Clarity

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3
Q

RBCs, RBC Cast

A

Blood

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4
Q

Casts, cells

A

Protein

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5
Q

Bacteria, WBCs

A

Nitrite

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

WBCs, WBC Casts, bacteria

A

LE

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8
Q

Yeast

A

Glucose

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9
Q

Quantitative measure of formed elements using a
hemocytometer

A

addis count

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10
Q

urine specimen for addis count?

A

12 hour urine

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11
Q

preservative for addis coubt?

A

NaF

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12
Q

Delineates
structure and
contrasting colors
of the nucleus
and cytoplasm

A

SternheimerMalbin
(CV + Safranin
O)

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13
Q

sediment stain: WBCs, ECs, and
casts

A

SternheimerMalbin
(CV + Safranin
O)

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14
Q

sediment stain: Enhances nuclear
detail

A

0.5% Toluidine
Blue

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15
Q

sediment stain: Differentiates
WBCs and RTE
cells (oval;
nucleus centered)

A

0.5% Toluidine
Blue

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16
Q

Lyses RBCs and
enhances nucleus
of WBCs

A

2% Acetic acid

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17
Q

Distinguishes
RBCs
from WBCs,
yeasts, oil
droplets and
crystals

A

2% Acetic acid

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18
Q

Stains TAG and
neutral fats
(orange-red)

A

Lipid stains
(ORO and Sudan
III)

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19
Q

Stain: Identifies free fat
droplets and lipidcontaining cells &
casts

A

Lipid stains
(ORO and Sudan
III)

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20
Q

Differentiates
Gram (-) to Gram
(+) bacteria

A

GS

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21
Q

sediment stain: casts
GS Differentiates
Gram (-) to Gram
(+) bacteria
Bacterial casts

A

GS

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22
Q

Stains
eosinophilic
granules

A

Hansel Stain
(Eosin Y +
Methylene blue)

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23
Q

sediment stain: urinary eosinophils

A

Hansel Stain
(Eosin Y +
Methylene blue)

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24
Q

Stains
sediments
containing iron

A

Prussian Blue

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25
Q

Identifies
hemosiderin
granules in casts
and cells

A

Prussian Blue

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26
Q

microscopy: Visualization of elements
with low refractive indices
(hyaline, mixed cellular cast,
MT, Trichomonas)

A

Phase-Contrast
Microscopy

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27
Q

microscope: Used for routine urinalysis

A

Bright-Field Microscopy

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28
Q

micro: Identification of cholesterol
molecules in OFB, fatty casts
and crystals

A

Polarizing Microscopy

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29
Q

micro: Identification of Treponema
spp

A

darkfield microscopy

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30
Q

micro;For fluorescent
microorganisms or those
stained with a fluorescent
dye

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

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31
Q

micro;3-D microscopy image and
layer-by-layer imaging of a
specimen

A

Interference-Contrast
Microscopy

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32
Q

*Bright Field microscopes
can be adapted

A

Interference-Contrast
Microscopy

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33
Q

differential microscopy

A

nomarski

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34
Q

modulation microscopy

A

hoffman

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35
Q

rbc normal value?

A

0-4/hpf

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36
Q

Smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks-shaped
sediment (7um in diameter)

A

RED BLOOD CELLS (HEMATURIA)

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36
Q

rbc in urine is called

A

hematuria

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37
Q

rbc in hypertonic urine

A

shrink

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38
Q

rbc in hypotonic urine

A

ghost cell or large empty cell

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39
Q

Glomerular bleeding/damage =

A

rbc casts

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40
Q

Sources of error of rbc in urine

A

Yeast, oil droplets, air bubbles,
CaOx monohydrate

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41
Q

remedy of RBC in urine

A

Addition of 2% HAc to lyse RBCs

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42
Q

Clinical Significance:
o Glomerular membrane damage, vascular
injury within GUT, glomerular bleeding,
glomerulonephritis, renal calculi,
malignancies, Schistosomiasis, strenuous
exercise

A

RED BLOOD CELLS (HEMATURIA)

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43
Q

wbc normal value in urine

A

0-5/hpf

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44
Q

predominant wbc in urine

A

neutrophils

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45
Q

Granulated and multilobed

A

Neutrophils (predominant)

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46
Q

Swells in hypotonic (dilute and alkaline) urine

A

Neutrophils (predominant)

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47
Q

granules undergo Brownian Movement
(Glitter Cells) *clinically insignificant

A

Neutrophils (predominant)

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48
Q

Shrinks in hypertonic (acidic) urine

A

Neutrophils (predominant)

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49
Q

eosinophils normal value range

A

<1%

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50
Q

clinical signi; (associated with drug-induced interstitial
nephritis)

A

eosinophils

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51
Q

Present in small amount

A

Mononuclear cells (Lympho, Mono, Macro, Histio)

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52
Q

An increase indicates an inflammatory
response or renal transplant rejection

A

Mononuclear cells (Lympho, Mono, Macro, Histio)

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53
Q

Clinical Significance:
- Infection or inflammation in the GUT

A

Mononuclear cells (Lympho, Mono, Macro, Histio)

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54
Q

Clinical Significance:Bacterial infection: cystitis,
pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis

A

Mononuclear cells (Lympho, Mono, Macro, Histio)

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55
Q

Clinical Significance: - Non-bacterial infection:
glomerulonephritis, SLE, tumors

A

Mononuclear cells (Lympho, Mono, Macro, Histio)

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56
Q

Largest cell (30-
40 um) with
abundant,
irregular
cytoplasm and
prominent
nucleus

A

squamous epithelial cells

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57
Q

Folded cell may
resemble casts.

A

sec

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58
Q

Found in the
linings of vagina,
female urethra and lower portion
of male urethra

A

sec

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59
Q

Urothelial

A

tec

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60
Q

Spherical,
polyhedral or
caudate with
centrally located
nucleus

A

tec

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61
Q

From linings of
renal pelvis,
calyces, ureter,
urinary bladder
and upper
portion of male
urethra.

A

tec

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62
Q

Most clinically
significant
epithelial cell

A

rte

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63
Q

Oblong or
round to oval or
rectangular and
contain an
eccentric
nucleus and
coarsely
granulated
cytoplasm

A
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64
Q

Oblong or
round to oval or
rectangular and
contain an
eccentric
nucleus and
coarsely
granulated
cytoplasm

A

rte

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65
Q

SEC studded
with Gardnerella
vaginalis;
associated with
bacterial
vaginosis

A

CLUE CELLS:

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66
Q

Significant
numbers can be
seen after
catheterization
(single, pairs, or
in clumps
{syncytia})

A

tec

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67
Q

Not usually seen
in urine

A

tec

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68
Q

> 2 RTE/HPF
indicates

A

TUBULAR
DAMAGE

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69
Q
  • Lipid-containing RTE cell
A

Oval Fat Bodies

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70
Q

Seen in lipiduria (i.e. nephrotic syndrome)

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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71
Q

Polarizing Microscope: maltese cross

A

Oval Fat Bodies

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72
Q

RTE cell with nonlipid-filled vacuoles

A

Bubble cells

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73
Q

Seen in acute tubular necrosis

A

Bubble cells

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74
Q

Most frequently associated with UTI

A

BACTERIA

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75
Q

Most common cause of bacteria; UTI?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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76
Q

Most frequent parasite encountered in urine

A

T. vaginalis

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77
Q

o Pear-shaped flagellate (rapid darting motility)

A

T. vaginalis

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78
Q

Method of reporting of t. vaginalis

A

RFMoMa

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79
Q

Blood fluke with terminal spine

A

S. haematobium ova (bladder)

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80
Q

parasite Causes hematuria; associated with bladder
cancer

A

S. haematobium ova (bladder)

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81
Q

urine specimen for S. haematobium ova (bladder)

A

24hr unpreserved urine

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82
Q

Most common fecal contaminant

A

E. vermicularis

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83
Q

True yeast infection

A

yeast + WBC

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84
Q

Small, refractile oval structures that may or may not
bud

A

YEASTS

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85
Q

(+) in RGT strip (Glucose)

A

yeast

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86
Q

yeast that seen in DM patients and Immunocompromised patients

A

candida albicans

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87
Q

Major constituent of mucus thread

A

tamm horsfall protein

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88
Q

tamm horsfall protein is also known as

A

uromodulin

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89
Q

95% water, mucin, CHONs, minerals, salts
and traces of lipid and nucleic acid

A

: Tamm-horsfall protein

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90
Q

cast in urine is termed

A

Cylindruria

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91
Q

Unique to the kidneys

A

CASTS (CYLINDRURIA)

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92
Q

Primarily formed in the DCT and collecting ducts

A

CASTS (CYLINDRURIA)

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93
Q
  • Seen primarily along the coverslip edges with subdued
    light
A

CASTS (CYLINDRURIA)

94
Q

reporting of casts?

A

average number/10lpfs

95
Q

major constituent of cast

A

uromodulin produced by RTE cells

96
Q

ORDER OF CAST DEGENERATION

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Cellular
  3. Coarsely granular
  4. Waxy granular (kidney failure)
97
Q

casts: Beginning of all casts

A

Hyaline
cast

98
Q

Most frequently
seen cast

A

Hyaline
cast

99
Q

normal values of hyaline cast

A

NV: 0-2/lpf

100
Q

Cast? Physiologic:
- Exercise,
dehydration,
heat
exposure,
emotional
stress

A

Hyaline
cast

101
Q

casts? Pathologic:
- Acute
glomerulonep
hritis,
pyelonephritis
, CHF, CRD

A

hyaline casts

102
Q

cast: nephron bleeding

A

rbc cast

103
Q

rbc cast reporting;

A

number per lpf

104
Q

cast; glomerulonephritis

A

rbc cast

105
Q

Associated with
proteinuria and
dysmorphic RBCs

A

rbc cast

106
Q

cast; Infection or
inflammation within
the nephron

A

wbc cast

107
Q

cast; May be confused
with EC casts

A

wbc cast

108
Q

cast: use phase
contrast or a supravital
stain

A

wbc cast

109
Q

cast; pyelonephritis

A

wbc cast

110
Q

cast; interstitial nephritis

A

wbc cast

111
Q

Glomerulonephritis (w/
RBC casts)

A

wbc casts

112
Q

cast; toxicity

A

rte cell cast

113
Q

cast; viral infection

A

RTE CELL CAST

114
Q

cast; advanced tubular destruction

A

rte cell cast

115
Q

cast; allograft rejection

A

rte cell casts

116
Q

cast; pyelonephritis with wbc cast

A

rte cell casts

117
Q

Resemble granular
casts

A

Bacterial
cast

118
Q

cast: Identification using
GS

A

bacterial cast

119
Q

cast; pyelonephritis with wbc and rte cell cast

A

bacterial cast

120
Q

cast; containing bacilli both
within and bound to the
protein matrix

A

bacterial cast

121
Q

cast; are derived
from the lysosomes
of RTE cells during
normal metabolism

A

Granular
cast

122
Q

cast: * Glomerulonephritis
* Pyelonephritis
* Stress
* Strenuous exercise

A

granular cast

123
Q

cast; Identified using lipid
stains and polarizing
microscope

A

fatty cast

124
Q

cast: Nephrotic syndrome

A

fatty cast

125
Q
A
126
Q

cast: (lipiduria – OVB

A

fatty cast

127
Q

cast; Toxic tubular necrosis

A

fatty cast

128
Q

cast; Diabetes mellitus

A

fatty casts

129
Q

cast; crush injuries

A

fatty cast

130
Q

Final degenerative
form of all types of
casts

A

waxy cast

131
Q

cast; Brittle, highly
refractile with jagged
edges

A

waxy cast

132
Q

waxy cast is what color under supravital stain

A

dark pink

133
Q

cast; stasis of urine flow

A

waxy cast

134
Q

cast; chronic renal failure

A

waxy cast

135
Q

Renal failure cast

A

Broad cast

136
Q

All types of casts may
occur in the broad
form; most
common: ?

A

Waxy and granular

137
Q
  • Bile-stained broad,
    waxy casts are seen
    as the result of the
    tubular necrosis
    caused by viral
    hepatitis
A

Broad cast

138
Q

cast; Extreme urine stasis
* Renal failure

A

Broad cast

139
Q

cast; Hyaline matrix with
coloration due to
pigmentation
incorporation

A

Pigmented
cast

140
Q

pigmented cast color with incorporated bilirubin

A

golden brown

141
Q

pigmented cast color with hemoglobin or myoglobin

A

yellow to red brown

142
Q

Casts containing
multiple cell types

A

Mixed
cellular
cast

143
Q

Glomerulonephritis
(RBC and WBCs)
* Pyelonephritis (WBC,
RTE casts or WBC and
bacterial casts

A

Mixed
cellular
cast

144
Q

Casts containing
urates, CaOx, and
sulfonamides are
occasionally seen

A

Crystal
cast

145
Q

cast: Deposition of crystals
in the tubule or
collecting duct

A

Crystal
cast

146
Q

Formed by precipitation of urinary solutes (organic
compounds, salts, medication)

A

CRYSTALS (CRYSTALLURIA)

147
Q

Factors that contribute to crystal formation:

A

Temperature
Solute conc.
pH

148
Q

all abnormal cast are found in what urine?

A

acidic urine

149
Q

crystal: Brick dust

A

Amorphous
urates

150
Q

crystal:Yellow-brown granules

A

Amorphous
urates

151
Q

crystal: in Refrigerated specimens

A

Amorphous
urates

151
Q

amorphous urates is pH

A

pH >5.5

151
Q

crystal:Dissolved when warm

A

Amorphous
urates

151
Q

crystal: Dissolved by acetic
acid

A

amorphous phosphate

151
Q

crystal: the only normal crystal that is colored in acidic urine

A

amorphous urates

152
Q

crystal:Clumps - formation of
renal calculi (stone)

A

CaOx

153
Q

crystal:Increased in food rich in
oxalic acid (tomatoes,
asparagus, and ascorbic
acid)

A

CaOx

154
Q

crystal: soluble in Heat and Alkali
fluid

A

Amorphous
urates

155
Q

crystal: Mistaken as RBC

A

Caox

156
Q

crystal kind of CaOx: colorless, octahedral
envelope or as two
pyramids joined at their
bases

A

Dihydrate (Wheddelite)

157
Q

crystal kind of CaOx: most common form;
enveloped form

A

Dihydrate (Wheddelite)

158
Q

crystal kind of CaOx: - oval or dumbbell shaped

A

Monohydrate (Whewellite)

158
Q

crystal kind of CaOx: ethylene glycol
(antifreeze) poisoning (in
children & pets; sweet &
tempting)

A

Monohydrate (Whewellite

158
Q

crystal: soluble in * Dilute HCl;
* Insoluble in HAc

A

CaOx

158
Q

crystal kind of Caox; both are birefringent under polarizing microcsope

A

Monohydrate (Whewellite), Dihydrate (Wheddelite

159
Q

crystal:“Cigarette-butt” in
appearance

A

Calcium
sulfate

160
Q

crystal: soluble in * Acetic acid

A

calcium sulfate

160
Q

crystal:Yellow-brown or
colorless elongated
prisms

A

Hippuric
acid crystals

161
Q

crystal:* Less significant

A

Hippuric
acid crystals

162
Q

crystal: soluble in * Water and Ether

A

Hippuric
acid crystal

163
Q

crystal:Misidentified w/ cystine
crystals

A

Uric acid crystal

163
Q

crystal: Leukemia patients
receiving
chemotherapy

A

Uric acid crystal

163
Q

crystal: * Yellow-brown or
colorless

A

Uric acid crystal

163
Q

crystal:Pleomorphic - rhombic,
four-sided flat plates
(whetstones), wedges,
and rosettes

A

Uric acid crystal

164
Q

crystal: Increased levels of
purine and nucleic
acid

A

Uric acid crystal

165
Q

crystal:Gout

A

Uric acid crystal

165
Q

crystal: Resembles ammonium
biurate in alkaline urine

A

Acid urate crystal

165
Q

crystal: chemotherapy
- Lesch-Nyhan
syndrome (orangesand in diapers

A

Uric acid crystal

166
Q

crystal: Large granules and may
have spicules

A

Acid urate crystal

167
Q

crystal: * Slender prisms arranged
in fan or sheaf-like
structures

A

Sodium
urate crystal

168
Q

crystal: Synovial fluid during
episode of gout

A

Sodium urate crystal

168
Q

crystal: * Granular
* Refrigerated samples – white
precipitate

A

Amorphous
phosphate

169
Q

crystal: * Yellow-brown thorny apples

A

Ammonium
biurate

170
Q

crystal: Seen in old specimens

A

Ammonium
biurate

171
Q

crystal: Colorless, flat rectangular
plates

A

Calcium
Phosphate
/apatite

172
Q

crystal:Thin prisms often in rosette
formations – resemble
sulfonamide crystals

A

Calcium
Phosphate
/apatite

173
Q

crystal: Common constituent of
renal calculi

A

Calcium
Phosphate
/apatite

174
Q

crystal: * Insoluble by heat

A

Calcium
Phosphate
/apatite

175
Q

crystal kind of calcium phosphate; – basic
calcium phosphate

A

Hydroxyapatite –

175
Q

crystal: calcium hydrogen
phosphate

A

Brushite

176
Q

crystal: Long slender prisms with one
end pointed; found in clusters

A

Dicalcium
phosphate

177
Q

crystal:Bacteria splitting

A

Triple
phosphate /
Struvite

178
Q

crystal: * “Ammonium magnesium
phosphate” crystal

A

Triple
phosphate /
Struvite

179
Q

crystal: Colorless, prism-shape or
“coffin-lid”

A

Triple
phosphate /
Struvite

180
Q

crystal: Feathery appearance when
they disintegrate

A

Triple
phosphate /
Struvite

181
Q

crystal: Fern-leaf (Harr)

A

Triple
phosphate /
Struvite

182
Q

crystal: Small, colorless, dumbbellshaped

A

Calcium
carbonate

183
Q

crystal:Formation of gas
(effervescence) after the
addition of acetic acid

A

Calcium
carbonate crystal

184
Q

crystal: Colorless, hexagonal
plates

A

Cystine

185
Q

a
metabolic disorder that
prevents reabsorption
of cystine by the renal
tubules

A

Cystinuria

186
Q

crystal:* Mistaken as uric acid
crystals

A

Cystine

187
Q

accumulation of cystine
in cells

A
  • Cystinosis
188
Q

crystal:

A
189
Q

crystal: * Rectangular plates
with notched edges
(staircase pattern)

A

Cholesterol
crystal

190
Q

crystal:* Nephrotic syndrome
(lipiduria)

A

Cholesterol
crystal

190
Q

crystal:* Nephrotic syndrome
(OFB, fatty casts,
choles.cryst)

A

Cholesterol
crystal

191
Q

crystal: Seen in conjunction
with fatty casts and
oval fat bodies

A

Cholesterol
crystal

192
Q

crystal:Rosettes, arrowheads,
petals, or round

A

Sulfonamide

192
Q

crystal: * Soluble in
Chloroform

A

Cholesterol
crystal

193
Q

vcrystal: * Colorless to yellow
brown needles

A

Sulfonamide
(acid/neutral)

194
Q

crystal:*
Mistaken as calcium
phosphate crystals

A

Sulfonamide

195
Q

crystal test:- Newspaper:
Urine + 25%
HCl
= (+)
Yellow

A

Lignin test of sulfonamide

196
Q

crystal:Possible tubular
damage

A

Sulfonamide

197
Q

crystal: Primary cause:
inadequate patient
hydration

A

Sulfonamide

198
Q

crystal:* Colorless needles that
form bundles after
refrigeration

A

Ampicillin

199
Q

crystal:Precipitation of
antibiotics following
massive doses without
adequate hydration

A

Ampicillin

200
Q

crystal:Overdose of penicillin
drugs

A

Ampicillin crystal

201
Q

Uric acid color?

A

yellow brown

202
Q

cystine color?

A

colorless

203
Q

Oily
-looking
yellow
-brown
spheres with
concentric circles
and radial
striations

A

LEUCINE

204
Q
  • Fine colorless to
    yellow needles
    that frequently
    form clumps or
    rosettes
A

TYROSINE

205
Q
  • Usually seen in
    conjunction with
    leucine crystals
    in specimens with
    positive chemical
    test results for
    bilirubin
A

TYROSINE

206
Q
  • Inherited disorders
    of amino
    -acid
    metabolism
A

TYROSINE

207
Q

Hepatic
disorders

A

BILIRUBIN

208
Q

Clumped needles
or granules with
the characteristic
yellow color of
bilirubin

A

BILIRUBIN

209
Q

Cystine is positive in what reaction?

A

Cyanide nitroprusside reaction

210
Q

Cystine or uric acid: solubility in dilute hcl?

A

Cystine

211
Q

Associated with liver disease: concentric needles with radial striation

A

Leucine

212
Q

Crystal: sheaves of wheat

A

Sulfonamide

213
Q

Tubular damage in rte cell is indicated by?

A

> 2rte/hpf

214
Q

ncreased in food rich in
oxalic acid

A

CaOx

215
Q

• Mistaken as RBC

A

CaOx

216
Q

tomatoes,
asparagus, and ascorbic
acid)

A

CaOx

ANURBF (8 decks)

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