sem.2 test 2 Flashcards
Cyrus the Great
Persian King. son of Cambyses
Satraphs
Persian governor appointed to rule a province
Ostracize
the Athenian councl chooses a politican each year to be exiled for 10 years
demes
people/democracy
Sardis
capitol of Persia
hoplites
named after hoplon. heavily armed infantry
hoplon
shield of hoplite made of bronze.unique paintings on front
dory
spear
xiphos
sword (secondary weapon) made of iron
Marathon
Persians came at the Athenians for revenge. Athenians won
Darius
ruled Persia after Cambyses II. strengthened army
Xerxes
Persian king during Persian war after Darius. sent the Immortals. burned Athens. husband of Esther
Themistocles
Politican/liar. led Greek navy in battles of Thermopylae/Salamis. ostracized. helped in the process of rebuilding Long Walls
Leonides
Spartan General. led 300. died.head on stick
pontoon bridge
built by Darius during Persian War. connected pontoons with flax ropes. rocks at bottom of water held it in place
Thermopylae
last stand of 300. narrow path. sheer cliff/water drop off. 50-100 yards of land. convienent for Greeks
Phocians
left post at path behind the mountain because they thought Phocia was in danger
Dinices
commander under Leonides. responded to Persian messenger : “then we shall fight in the shade”
Nike!
victory!
The Immortals
silent Persian infantry. the best. when one fell another took his place. never ending. masked
Isthmus of Corinth
fortified byGreeks in the Battle of Platea to prevent the Persians from entering
Strait of Salamis
Themistocles ordered Greek fleet there to ambush the Persians
Platea
Mardonius was killed there by the Greeks during a battle
Mycale
Ionians abandoned Persians. Greeks pushed Persians to Sardis
Milesians
helped Greeks defeat Persians
trireme
ship. hull of pine.prow of cedar over layed by copper or bronze for ramming. built for speed. 90 feet long. 18 feet wide. 170-200 oarsmen
phalanx
rectangular battle formation 8 ranks deep. easily routed.
Pausanias
commander of Spartans. victor at Battle of Platea. supreme commander of Hellenic League.
Mardonius
defeated at Platea
Xanthippius
Athenian placed in command of Hellenic League after Pausanias stood trial
Pericles
son of Xanthippius. elected to be military commander in Athens.ordered building of Long Walls. public speaker at funeral for those who fell first in battle. oversaw the rebuilding of the Parthenon. died in the plague
Lysander of Sparta
Spartan admiral. ordered Alcibiades’ murder
Artaxerxes
heir of Xerxes. attacked by Xerxes killer, Artabanos,but managed to kill him. killed brother Hystages
Esther
chosen to be the wife of Xerxes-most beautiful
Peace of Nicias
named after Nicias who negociated it. included Sparta and Athens. lasted 6 years. ruined by Alcibiades
Alcibiades
drunk. bisexual. prissy. had a lisp. ruined Peace of Nicias for personal honor
War on Sicily
Egesta (from Sicily) goesto war agaitns Syracuse and Silenus. asks Athens for help. Nicias asks for an army twice as big and retreats as soon as they arrive. Syracusans chased them downand killed almost all of them while they were drinking in a stream
Pericles Funeral Oration
Sparta and Attica were at war. Pericles gave a speech for the first deaths.talked about the qualities of Athens
year 500 bc
Burning of Sardis
Year 490 BC
Marathon
Year 480 BC
Thermopylae and Salamis
year 479 BC
battles of Platea/Mycale
Year 477 BC
Delian and Pelopenesian Leagues formed-skirmishes
Year 435 BC
Official beginning of the Pelopenesian Wars
What is tragic about the way Cyrus the Great died?
Persians and the Massagetae tribe were battling. Cyrus attempted marriage with their queen but she refused. Persians took her son and she attacked them. Cyrus fell. she covered his head in a wineskin filled with blood.
What role did Darius play in Scripture
allowed the Temple to be built by the Israelites in Jerusalem
What did Darius change about the Persian army?
it was smaller/faster/well fed/trained/loyal/professional/10,000 infantry/10,000 calvary
Describe the Battle of Marathon
the Persians attacked Athens at Marathon. The Athenians formed an unusual phalanx and charged the Persians. their phalanx broke and they surrounded the Persians on all sides and pushed them back through the marshto their ships. many escaped but it was a victory for Athens. Athens had appealed to Sparta for help, but they said no because they were celebrating a religous holiday and could not march until the next full moon
Why did Darius want to strike at Athens?
because Athens helped the Ionians in their revolt and burned Sardis
What famous Athenian landmarj was built to celebrate this victory over the Persians?
the Parthenon. it was built, burned, and rebuilt using the flax ropes from the pontoon bridge as sacrifice
What present day events recall the way the news of Nike! was transmitted from the battlefield and what is usually not mentioned about it?
marathons. the guy ran 26 miles to deliver the message and then dropped dead
What Greek general and statesman did not become complacent about the victory at marathon? What did he want to do to prepare for another Persian attack? How was he finally successful?
Themistocles. knew Persians would attack again. he wanted to build a large fleet of ships. he lied and said that they were going to be attacked by Aegina. a recently discovered silver deposit funded the building of the fleet
What were the two possible reasons for Leonides commiting Spartans to defend Athens from Persia?
- to fufill the oracle’s prophecy that a son of Hercules from Sparta would die in honor defending Sparta. 2.Fight for Sparta’s defence
Prior to the later batles, what did the oracle of Delphi predict for Sparta and Athens?
Sparta: Sparta would fall-Leonides would die defending it.
Athens: hide behind the wooden walls provided by Zeus :either Acropolis/Parthenon or fleet of ships
How many Persians arrived with Xerxes in contrast to how many Greeks were in the entire nation?
1/2 million Greeks in the nation. 300,000-2 million Persians
Why was the selection of the battle field (thermopylae) so effective for the greeks?Is this strategicthinking still employed?
they chose Thermopylae pass b/c the huge Persian army would by inconvienent rather than effective b/c they would all need to be funneled through the pass so a small army could easily defend it. yes-Afganistan/ Switzerland
What was the message from Xerxes to the Spartans? What was Dieneces’ response?
Persians: “Our arrows will block out the sun”
Dieneces: “Then we shall fight in the shade”
Describe day 1 of the battle on sea/land
land: Leonides led Greeks. battle pulses. Persians crushed. 1000’s dead.
Sea: Themistocles lead small Greek Navy. began in late afternoon so it would end at dark to minimize losses.sunk several Persian ships
Describe day 2 of battle of land/sea
land: Xerxes sent Immortals. at first stood no chance against the Greeks
sea: Greek navy prevailed in keeping the Persian navy at sea.
What happened to the 200 Persian ships that sailed around Euboea? How was this interpreted?
the ships were destroyed by a violent storm. Greek navy would win- Poseidon was helping them…Marduk was not helping the Persians
Who were the Immortals?
best infantry of Persia. when one fell another took his place. never ending. masked. silent
What practical reason did Xerxes have to want a quick win?
hasd limited food/supplies
What happened sometime during the second day that helped Xerxes formulate a winning strategy against the Greek front?
he had a Greek spy who found a path the led around the mountain and behind the Greek lines
What happened to expose Leonides’ forces despite his preplanned rear defense?
The Phocians left their post b/c they thought their home was under attack
What city-state’s soldiers stayed to help the Spartans after most of the Greek forces retreated to the Isthmus of Corinth?
the 1000 Thesbians
What happened to the body of Leonides?
beheaded/placed on a stick. nailed to a cross-death of a criminal
While the Greeks at Thermopylae fought, what did Themistocles do?
He defended them by keeping the Persian navy from flanking them by way of the Artemesian Strait
The Delphi oracle instructed the Athenians to flee to the wooden walls provided by Zeus-in what 2 ways was this followed?
Some stayed in Athens behind the Parthenon/acropolis. others evacuated in the fleet of ships
By the time Xerxes reached Athens what revenge did he exact?
he burned Athens and the Parthenon to the ground. not a big scale though-not many left in Athens
After Thermopylae and Athens fell, where did the Greeks regroup?
strait of Salamis
How did they finally drive out the Persians?
they ambushed the Persians at the strait of Salamis (a spy tricked them) and destroyed many. the Persians withdrew, never to return, but the greeks followed them back to Persia. Alexander the Great would eventually finish them off
What rash actions by Xerxes after Salamis doomed the Persians?
he ordered the murder of all the Phoecian captains which turned allthe Phoecians against him
Why did Sparta want to abandon the Ionian colonies? What changed their minds?
They felt that they had proctected Ionia for long enough and could not do it forever, but the Athenians had convinced the rest of the Hellenic League to oush back the Persians and Sparta did not want Athens in complete control overthe Hellenic League
What action by the Athenians in the Greek homeland provoked the Spartans toward war?
they began rebuilding city/walls
What role did Themistocles play in resolving the issue?
he told the Spartans that he would come down to discuss the matter, but took an exaggeratedly long time so that Athens could finish building the walls
After his great contribution to perserving Greece, describe what happened to Themistocles later in life.
He began to brag about his accomplishments so he was ostracized. the Spartans then said that they found connections between between him and Xerxes,so Athens sent an assassin after him, so he fled to Persia offering his services to the court on advicing on Greek affairs, so Persia paid his reward, he never gave Persia any military advantage. died at 65 either of old age or he poisened himself
What happened to the Spartan hero Pausanias?
the Ionians accused him of being a tyrant and communicating with Xerxes, when he stood trial in Sparta he was acquited, but his career was ruined. he hid himslef in a chamber in the temple and the Spartan officials trapped him inside and he starved to death.
What were the Long Walls?
walls built out from Athens to the port of Pireus. 8 miles long. so that goods and soldier could be transported back and forth without risk of attack.
How long did the 30 years peace actually last?
14 years. coreyra asked for Athens help breaking away from Corinth so as long as Athens didnt actually fight Corinth (allies of Sparta) then they could help. they ended up fighting Corinthians and violated the treaty
Who did Alcibiades betray and how?
Athens:Convinced the Athenians to create a huge fleet to save Egest which was pointless. he was suspected of vandalising the ships before they left and awaited trial, but fled before it could take place
Sparta: he fled here and they grew annoyed with him as they planned to invade Attica so he left and went to Persia
Persia: planned to help take down Athens and Sparta. then rejoined Athens
What role did the Persians play in bringing the war to an end?
joined Sparta to take down Athens, supplied money and reinforcements
Who were The Thirty who ruled Athens after the war?
they were 30 aristocrats set over Athens by Lysander.the began a bloodbath.they killed anyone who posed a threat or brought up democracy.
What metal are the shield, helmet,and curiass made of?
bronze
What metal are the sword and spear tips made of?
iron
lamoleer
Greek armor made of linen,leather,and bronze
Hellenic League
all of Greece
Delian League
Athens and its allies
Pelopenesian League
Sparta and its allies
