extra exam stuff Flashcards
What is a map?
drawing of the earth on a flat surfcace
What is cartography?
the study and making of maps
What is topography?
study of the surface features of an area; uses patterns to show relief-differences in elevation
What is a region?
areas united by specific factors
What is a peninsula?
body of land surrounded by water on 3 sides
What an island?
land area completely surrounded by water
What is a strait?
narrow stretch of water joining 2 larger bodies of water
What is a sea?
a large body of water completely or partly surrounded by land
What is a bay?
part of a larger body of water that extends into a shoreline; generally smaller than a gulf
What is a gulf?
part of a large body of water that extends into a shoreline; generally larger and more deeply indented than a bay
What is the Mediterranean Sea?
sea separating Europe and Africa connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibralter
What is an Isthmus?
narrow stretch of land connecting 2 larger land areas
What is a harbor?
a sheltered place along a shoreline where ships can anchor safely
What is a cliff?
a steep, high wall of rock, earth,or ice
What are faults?
cracks in the earth’s crust formed as plates grind or slide past one another
Who gives us the most information on the Persian? Why is one more reliable than the other?
the greeks (specifically Herodotus and Xenophon) give us most of our info. on the Persians. Xenophon is more reliable because when he was exiled from Athens he wound up serving under Cyrus
Who was Astyages?
Median king. had dream vision that was interpreted to mean that his grandson would overthrow him. so when his daughter married Cambyses of Persia and she became pregnant. Astyages told everyone that her son, Cyrus was still-born (dead) but in reality he had his advisor Harpagus kill Cyrus,but Harpagus does not, instead he orders a shepherd to do it. the shepherd had just had a still-born child so he pretended that that child was Cyrus while he actually raised Cyrus himself
Who was Cambyses?
the father of Cyrus.Persian leader, but a vassal to the Median Kingdom
How did Astyages get revenge on Harpagus?
Astyages saw Cyrus playing with other children one day. he told Harpagus that he had actually saved him from making a big mistake, but then invited he and his son for a feast. His son was the main course. when Harpagus was shown what remained of his son, he took it cooly…but he was planning on revenge too
What is a peril story?
usually used to describethe birth of a powerful person, destined to rule against the odds, and thus protected divinely (Bible ex.)Joseph/Jesus
Explain the Achaemenid Dynasty.
came from the Pasagarde tribe:most powerful Persian clan. Cyrus called them to indepedence from the Medes. Astyages heard and gathered his troops-Harpagus lead(he had gathered the other commanders secretly and they were working with Cyrus) when they marched out they switched to the Persian army. Astyages was easily taken as a prisoner, but not killed.Cyrus became the king of the Medes and the Persians. Cyrus honored the Median treaties until Astyages died
What did Cyrus do in Lydia?
he marched against Lydia (Croesus ruled and was Cyrus’ grand-uncle). Cyrus left them no time to call for help from the Babylonians. he led a 2 week seige.he sent camels in first to scare the Lydian horse. then he cnquered the capital:Sardis.he captured Croesus as a prisoner and plundered his wealth. when Cyrus asked him what his reaction to see his wealth being plundered, Croesus said that it was no longer his wealth,it was Cyrus’ and the plundering was stopped.
What happened in Babylon?
Babylon was ruled by Balshazzar (grandson but called son of Nebuchadnezzar-Daniel 5 ) Cyrus worked with Darius the Mede to take Babylon. the conquest:Cyrus’ army pushed the Babylonians into their city. and they barricaded themselves in:they were prepared to last for a long time like that and theTigris river ran straight through giving them boundless water supply. Cyrus had channels dug and at night they were opened. the river was diverted into the channels and the river bed into the city was clear:the Persians marched straight into the city. Babylon fell on October 14, 539 BC. Belshazzar was killed (Daniel 5/Isaiah 45:1-7/Ezra 1:1-4) Cyrus was the overlord and was hailed as their savior/liberator. Darius was the vassal placed in charge of Babylon.
What made Cyrus great?
he presented himself as the benevolant guardian of all the identities and loyalties of a nation
Who said:”Great Daedalus of Athens was the man that made the draught, and from’d the wondrous plan;where rooms within themselves encircled lye, With various windings, to deceive the eye.”
-What was he describing and who made it?
Ovid, in his Metamorphoses said this. it is describing the Labyrinth and Daedalus made it
Who said: “ these private walls the Minotaur include,who twice was glutted with Athenian blood; But the third tribute more successful prov’d, slew the foul monster, and the plague remov’d. When Theseus,aided by the virgin’s art, had trac’d the guiding thread thro’ ev’ry part…”
Ovid in his metamorphosis
Who said: “Every sate is a community of some kind, and every community is established with a view to some good; for mankind always act in order to obtain that which they think good. But,if all communities aim at some good, the state or political community,which is the highest of all, and which they think good.But if all aims at good in a greater degree than any other,and at the highest good”
Aristotle:Politics
Who said: “First house and wife and an ox for the plough”
Hesiod
Who said: “Each one gives law to his children and to his wives”
Homer
Who said: “Hence it is evident that the state is a creation of nature, and that man is by nature a political animal. And he who by nature and not by mere accident is without a state, is either a bad man or above humanity; he is like the ‘Tribeless, lawless, heartless one,’ whom Homer denounces- the natural outcast is forthworth a lover of war; he may be compared to an isolated piece at draughts”
Aristotle:Politics
Who said: “For to the demos I gave so much honor as is sufficient, neither diminishing their time nor adding to it in profusion. As for those who held power and were admired for their wealth, I saw to it that they,also, had nothing shameful. I took my stand, covering both in the protection of my mighty shield, nor did i allow either side to win unjustly”
Solon
Who said:”In undertakings of great import, it is difficult to please all.
Solon
Who said:” The mind of the gods is insrutable to men in every way.”
Solon
Who said:”No man is a good man in war, unless he can bear to see bloody slaughter and can press hard on the enemy, standing face to face”
Tyrtaeus
Who said:”For it is a fine thing for a man having fallen nobly amid the forefathers to die, fighting on behalf of the fatherland.”
Tyrtaeus
Who said:”The most delightful of all music,that of your own praises.”
Xenophon
Who said:”…who is there would choose to destroy a fellow citizen rather than make a friend of him by mildness and persuasion?”
Xenophon
Menelaos
king of Sparta. first husband of Helen
Agamemnon
king of Mycenae,brother of Menelaos, called Greeks to war
Achilles
king of Pythia. central war hero in the Iliad. kills Hektor
Hektor
son of Priam, prince of Troy. respected army leader
Paris
son of Priam. ran away with Helen
Helen
originally married to Menenlaos, ran away with Paris
Aphrodite
goddess of love/beauty. supposedly makes Helen fall in love with Paris. born from sea foam
Apollo
god of sun/archery/music
Ares
god of war
Artemis
goddess of the hunt
Athena
goddess of wisdom/prominent in the epics
Demeter
goddess of the plenty/harvest
Hades
god of dead (underworld)
Hephaistos
blacksmith of the gods (fire)
Hera
goddess of marriage. married to Zeus.queen of the gods
Hermes
messanger of the gods
Hestia
goddess of the hearth/trade
Kronos
married Rhea. Golden Age,father of the gods, titan over time
Persephone
queen of underworld.goddess of springtime
Poseidon
god of the sea
Zeus
god of the sky/king of gods
Polemarch
colonel in each Spartan morae
Croesus
king of Lydia.bornin 595 bc. grand-uncle of Cyrus the great
Tyrtaeus
Spartan poet on military themes. schoolmaster from Athens. went to Sparta to strenthen their moral.believed in consulting oracles
Lycurgus
law giver,founded institutions of ancient Sparta.inspired by Crete. determined powers of the assembly of elders.devised the military system that made Sparta unique. starved himself to death to show that he was not power hungry
Xenophon
Greek historian/philosopher born in 430 BC in Attica.joined Greek mercanaries under Cyrus. exiled from Athens
Midas
Phyrgian king. son of Gordius given by Dionysus the power to turn everything he touched into gold (gave Croesus his vast treasures)
Lydia
ancient kingdom under Croesus.inlcuded most of Asia Minor
elegies
a mournful,melancholy, or plaintive poem,especially a lament for the dead
What are some of the economic benefits of being a noble warrior?
best food/wine best estates/best place at table. ability to be involved with politics
What are the battlefield ethics of Sparta?
never back down.organized. cowards punished.honorable death desired. never leave a man behind
What are Solon’s standards of a happy life?
enjoy the good things in life. long life. have kids. live to see grandkids. prosperous kingdom/ die honorably by protecting others and have a large honored funeral
What are the values/practices of Spartan life?
every man was educated in military-transformed into a hoplite.all warriors had involvement in politics. sparse population,but strong community.women were educated and trained to be strong. strong men and women married and had children so that the children would be warrior material. if an older an married a younger girl he could choose a fit young man to impregnate his wife and have the child as his own. young boys did constant labor. when they walked in public they hid their hands, were silent,and did not make eye contact with anyone. hunting was important for boys to learn. meals were eaten in public mess halls to prevent anyone from eating too much and becoming fat. no alchohol consumption because they had to walk home in the dark. anyone had control over anyone’s kids.no concern in making money. humility was prided. ephors had vast power.
What is the structure of the Spartan army?
hoplites. 6 morae of heavy infantry/calvary. each had a polemarch, 4 captains, 8 lieutenants, and 6 commanders,the morae were ready to form single file/3files wide/6 files wide.
What was the uniforms of the Spartans?
crimson. heavy bronze shield. not feminine. long hair to look scary
Why did Xenophon believe that the farmers were better soldiers?
farming required devotion. they had no sense of luxury. they were physically trained by hard work. they knew how to make food from the earth and survive on it. the were willing to march head on with the enemy to survive/defend. encouraging to fellow soldiers. obedient. stayed at post
