SEM EXAM xxxxx Flashcards
coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time
Herbert Spencer
used community studies to underscore the significance of race in American society
W.E.B. DuBois
deals with mental processes and behavior
psychology
studies the government, elections, voting patterns
political science
examines the choices people make to satisfy their wants and needs
economics
founder of sociology
Auguste Comte
the study of people and events of the past
history
conducted early studies in Britain and U.S.; believed that scholars should advocate change to solve the problems studied
Harriet Martineau
observable facts or events that involves human society
sociological phenomenon
systematically applied the methods of science to the study of society
Emile Durkheim
how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior
social interaction
was interested in separate groups within society rather than in society as a whole
Max Weber
an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions
sociological perspective
believed society is organized into two classes and the imbalance of power between the two inevitably leads to conflict
Karl Marx
ability to see the connection between the larger social world and our personal lives
sociological imagination
related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior
social sciences
the comparative study of various aspects of past and present culture
anthropology
founded Hull House in chicago, committed to social reform and sociological analysis
Jane Adams
study of human society
sociology
True or False: the following are ethics guidelines used for sociology: confidentiality, if there is deception the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm, and informed consent
True
true or false: the two types of scientific variables are dependent and independent
true
true or false: when conducting research, sociologists are guided by ethics….. not norms
true
a research method that involves the examination of any materials from the past that contain information of sociological interest
historical method
an intensive analysis of a person, group, event, or problem
case study
a situation that exists when a change in one variable is regularly associated with a change in another variable
correlation
a characteristic that can differ from one individual, group, situation, to another in a measurable way
variable
the research method used to analyze existing sources that involves counting the number of times a particular word, phrase, idea, event, symbol, or other element appears in a given context
content analysis
an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at reasoned conclusions
scientific method
A research method in which researchers become directly involved in the situation under investigation
Participant observation
A statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables
Hypothesis
A small but representative selection of people studied in a survey or other research project
Sample
A research method in which data is gathered under controlled conditions set by the researcher
Experiment
List the seven steps of the research process
1) define the problem
2) review the literature
3) form a hypothesis
4) Choose a research design
5) collect the data
6) analyze the data
7) present conclusions
what is a negative consequence an element has for the stability of society?
dysfunction
Radical perspective that follows the tradition of Carl Marx
Conflict perspective
Perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society
Interactionist perspective
School integrates individuals into society by transmitting culture and values in promoting acceptable behavior
Functionalist perspective
School has a established should patterns of authority that underscore power in society
Conflict perspective
School provides a forum for social relationships
Interactionist perspective
Focuses on the structure of society
Functionalist perspective
Uses a level of analysis known as micro sociology
Interactionist perspective
Stems from the work of Max Weber
Interactionist perspective
Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim
Functionalist perspective
Some elements of society do not properly work
Functionalist perspective
Feminist theory is an extension of this perspective
Conflict perspective
Focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change
Conflict perspective
views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system
Functionalist perspective
Holds that society is held together by consensus
Functionalist perspective
traditional Customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms preserved among a people
Folklore
Shared products of human groups which include both physical objects and beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group
Culture
Norms that have great moral significance attached to them
Mores
Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them, the common customs of every day life
Folkways
Physical objects created by human groups
Material culture
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity
Society
Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
Values
Written rules of conduct that are enacted in enforced by the government
Laws
Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
Norms
Abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems
Nonmaterial culture
Culture reflects and enforces the values of those who hold power. It encourages/maintain social inequality
Conflict perspective
Culture is maintained and modified through every day social interaction
Interactionist perspective
Culture reflects and enforces society central values. It encourages harmony/stability by integrating individuals into society
Functionalist perspective
True or false: the tendency to view ones own culture as superior is ethnocentrism
True
True or false: material culture tends to change more readily than nonmaterial culture
True
True or false: extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism
True
True or false: the American value of individualism states that hard work, initiative, an individual effort are the keys to personal achievements
True
true Or false: when conducting research, sociologist are guided by ethics…… not norms
True
true or false: Americans tend to not believe that there are solutions to problems
False
True or false: ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture in group as superior
True
True or false: when a mother leaves a demanding job in the middle of an important meeting to attend his daughter’s first soccer game, he is experiencing role exit
False
true or false: the socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances
False
True or false: master status plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life in determining his or her social identity
True
True or false: sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set
True
True or false: gender, race, and family heritage are examples of achieved status
false
What best describes reciprocity
Doing something for someone after that person has done something for you
What are two examples of social interaction that take place throughout the world
Exchange, competition, conflict, and accommodation
What is the deliberate attempt to control or harm someone with fewer no rules of conduct
Conflict
An example of a member of a counterculture
College student protesting basketball program
What do cultural universals do
They ensure fulfillment of basic needs and are common to all cultures
Which groups share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
Subcultures
What is the believe that culture should be judged by their own standards
Cultural relativism
What are the components of McDonaldization
Predictability, control, calculability, and efficiency
what is the Purpose of the family
Care for children
The interactive process through which people are the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society
Socialization
The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society
Generalized other
Part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self
Me
The unsocialized, spontaneous, self interested component of personality and self identity
I
The conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society
Self
What are examples of agents of socialization
Internet, peer group, school
Which culture values do schools intentionally try to transmit
Good citizenship
which two things does resocialization involve
1) a break with past experiences
2) learning new values and norms
What are considered places of involuntary resocialization
Prison, monastery, military
Which terms do sociologists use to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place
Agents of socialization
What are ways of Mead’s development of self
imitation, organized games, and play
According to dramaturgy, what is social interaction like
A drama being performed on a stage
what are Factors that influence personality
Heredity, birth order, parental characteristics, and cultural environment
True or false: sociologist have found that the institutionalization of infants can result in slower development of their mental, physical, and emotional skills
True
True or false: cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society
True
True or false: our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have siblings
False
True or false: instinct is a changing, biologically inherited behavior pattern
False
True or false: extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism
True
True or false: the family is the primary agent of socialization
True
True or false: sub cultural differences, such as the type of neighborhood in which an individual is raised, influence personality
True
True or false: our personality determines how we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations
True
True or false: believers in sociobiology argued that most of human social life is determined by environment, not biology
False
True or false: an aptitude is a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge
True
True or false: the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children is the result of heredity
true
who Said that each person is born as a blank slate without a personality
John Locke
Who came up with role taking
George mead
Who came up with the proponent of interactionism who proposed the idea of dramaturgy
Erving Goffman
Who said that individuals adjust their self images continually as they reinterpreted the way others view them
Charles Cooley
Who came up with the looking glass self
Charles Cooley
Who was the founder of the interactionist perspective who believes that how we see ourselves is only the beginning – as me not only see ourselves as others see us, but take on the roles of others
George mead
Who said that human beings can be molded into any type of character
John Locke
Who said that people make an effort to play their roles well and change their personalities based on the impression they want to convey
Erving Goffman
who represents a logical progression from Cooley and Meade
Erving Goffman
who said that we learn to see ourselves through the eyes of others and act accordingly
George mead
Who said that social interaction is like performing for an audience
Erving Goffman
‘Who said that we are born without a personality and we acquire our personalities as a result of our social experiences
John Locke
Who said that we imagine how we appear to others, judge whether they see us as we see ourselves, and use our judgments to form our sense of self
Charles Cooley
who came up with impression management
Erving Goffman
Who said that humans form images of themselves based on how they seem to others
Charles Cooley
Excepting a goal, and also excepting the socially approved methods of achieving it
Conformity
Acting a goal and a legitimate means of achieving it, but substituting new goals and means of achievement
Rebellion
Rejecting a goal, but continuing to use the legitimate means of achieving it
Ritualism
A person accepts a goal, but uses deviant means to reach it
Innovation
Rejecting a goal and also rejecting the legitimate means of achieving it, but substituting new goals and means of achievement
Retreatism
A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes negative action
Deviance
A trait or characteristic trait that is used to label someone in a negative way
Stigma
a belief system
Ideology
The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer acceptable
anomie
what theory suggests that people who commit deviant acts have weak ties to the community
Control theory
What is the process by which a norm becomes part of an individual’s personality
Internalization
What term refers to a rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
Sanctions
Sociologist call an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior what
Positive sanction
What is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means
Social control
What are forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault examples of
Violent crime
What is the occasional violation of norms known as
Primary deviance
True or false: what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered deviant in another
True
What is used to plead guilty to a lesser charge in order to allow the courts to reduce their huge volume of caseloads while avoiding trials that may not produce a guilty verdict
Plea-bargaining
What is the proportions of associations a person has with a deviant versus non-deviant individual called
Differential association
What mode of adaptation is the most common
Conformity
True or false: most white collar crimes involve vices
False
True or false: the four basic function of corrections are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection
True
True or false: many factors are considered in the exercise of police discretion, including the seriousness of the offense
True
True or false: strain theory view sanctions as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms and structure of society
False
true or false: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the ultimate negative formal sanction
True
true or false: Recidivism is the term for repeated criminal behavior
true
true or false: The US criminal justice system investigates, prosecute, and punishes criminals
True
True or false: sociologists have one theory to explain deviant behavior
False
True or false: norms must be followed for society to run smoothly, and they are enforced through internalization and sanctions
True
Which perspective states that deviance is a natural part of society
Functionalist perspective
Which perspective states the interaction among individuals influences deviance
Interactionist perspective
Which perspective stays that deviance as a result of competition and social inequality
Conflict perspective
Which perspective says that deviance results from the strain of goals and compatible with the available means of achieving them
Functionalist perspective
Which perspective includes the control theory, cultural transmission theory, and labeling theory
Interactionist perspective
Which perspective says that deviance service positive and negative functions
Functionalist perspective
Which perspective says that those without power commit deviant acts to obtain economic awards or to relieve their feelings of powerlessness
Conflict perspective
Which perspective says that peer groups have an important role in transmitting deviance
Interactionist perspective
Which perspective says that deviance results for not being able to achieve goals valued by society
Functionalist perspective
Mike’s family was unable to pay their bills last week. Mike one of the best for his family but cannot make ends meet with his low-paying job. There is some extra cash, he began selling fraudulent tickets to why games. According to Merton, Mike is a………
Innovator
Even though Molly studied hard during the first semester of chemistry, she still received a D. During the second semester, she decided it was hopeless and quit studying. According to Merton, Molly is a……
retreatist
James lives in northern Michigan and participates in a paramilitary groups. They oppose the federal government and plan to replace it with their own form of government. According to Merton, James is a …….
rebel
The believe that one sex is superior to another by nature
Sexism
A system in which men are dominant over women
Patriarchy
Specific behaviors and attitudes that society establishes for men and women
Gender roles
Invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business
Glass ceiling
Level of a woman’s income relative to that of a man
Wage gap
True or false: men in the United States have about 10 more hours of leisure time per week than women
True
true or false: the 18th amendment gave women the right to vote
false
True or false: in most societies, men are charged with providing economic support and physical safety for the family
True
True or false: sociologists interpret Cross cultural variations in gender roles as evidence that gender roles are biological
Yes
True or false: it is gender, not biology, that determines the majority of the roles that men and women play in society
true
True or false: gender socialization continues throughout life and is not limited to childhood
True
True or false: today for every dollar meant earn, woman earn approximately $.64
False
True or false: sexism is at the heart of gender based discrimination
True
True or false: today in the US, gender typing a boys and girls is not as widespread as it was in the past
true
True or false: gender roles are both different and unequal
True
True or false: woman have worked hard to overcome inequality in education, work, and politics
True
what comprises the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women
Gender
What is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture
Gender identity
What is the most powerful agent of socialization
Family
What happened with the equal rights amendment which guaranteed men and women the same rights and protections under the law
It failed to be ratified as an amendment
The feminine mystique which critiqued the limits society placed on woman was written by who
Betty Friedan
