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SEM EXAM xxxxx Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

coined the phrase “survival of the fittest” or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time

A

Herbert Spencer

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2
Q

used community studies to underscore the significance of race in American society

A

W.E.B. DuBois

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3
Q

deals with mental processes and behavior

A

psychology

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4
Q

studies the government, elections, voting patterns

A

political science

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5
Q

examines the choices people make to satisfy their wants and needs

A

economics

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6
Q

founder of sociology

A

Auguste Comte

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7
Q

the study of people and events of the past

A

history

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8
Q

conducted early studies in Britain and U.S.; believed that scholars should advocate change to solve the problems studied

A

Harriet Martineau

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9
Q

observable facts or events that involves human society

A

sociological phenomenon

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10
Q

systematically applied the methods of science to the study of society

A

Emile Durkheim

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11
Q

how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior

A

social interaction

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12
Q

was interested in separate groups within society rather than in society as a whole

A

Max Weber

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13
Q

an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions

A

sociological perspective

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14
Q

believed society is organized into two classes and the imbalance of power between the two inevitably leads to conflict

A

Karl Marx

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15
Q

ability to see the connection between the larger social world and our personal lives

A

sociological imagination

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16
Q

related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior

A

social sciences

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17
Q

the comparative study of various aspects of past and present culture

A

anthropology

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18
Q

founded Hull House in chicago, committed to social reform and sociological analysis

A

Jane Adams

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19
Q

study of human society

A

sociology

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20
Q

True or False: the following are ethics guidelines used for sociology: confidentiality, if there is deception the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm, and informed consent

A

True

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21
Q

true or false: the two types of scientific variables are dependent and independent

A

true

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22
Q

true or false: when conducting research, sociologists are guided by ethics….. not norms

A

true

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23
Q

a research method that involves the examination of any materials from the past that contain information of sociological interest

A

historical method

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24
Q

an intensive analysis of a person, group, event, or problem

A

case study

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25
Q

a situation that exists when a change in one variable is regularly associated with a change in another variable

A

correlation

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26
Q

a characteristic that can differ from one individual, group, situation, to another in a measurable way

A

variable

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27
Q

the research method used to analyze existing sources that involves counting the number of times a particular word, phrase, idea, event, symbol, or other element appears in a given context

A

content analysis

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28
Q

an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at reasoned conclusions

A

scientific method

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29
Q

A research method in which researchers become directly involved in the situation under investigation

A

Participant observation

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30
Q

A statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables

A

Hypothesis

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31
Q

A small but representative selection of people studied in a survey or other research project

A

Sample

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32
Q

A research method in which data is gathered under controlled conditions set by the researcher

A

Experiment

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33
Q

List the seven steps of the research process

A

1) define the problem
2) review the literature
3) form a hypothesis
4) Choose a research design
5) collect the data
6) analyze the data
7) present conclusions

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34
Q

what is a negative consequence an element has for the stability of society?

A

dysfunction

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35
Q

Radical perspective that follows the tradition of Carl Marx

A

Conflict perspective

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36
Q

Perspective that focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

A

Interactionist perspective

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37
Q

School integrates individuals into society by transmitting culture and values in promoting acceptable behavior

A

Functionalist perspective

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38
Q

School has a established should patterns of authority that underscore power in society

A

Conflict perspective

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39
Q

School provides a forum for social relationships

A

Interactionist perspective

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40
Q

Focuses on the structure of society

A

Functionalist perspective

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41
Q

Uses a level of analysis known as micro sociology

A

Interactionist perspective

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42
Q

Stems from the work of Max Weber

A

Interactionist perspective

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43
Q

Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

A

Functionalist perspective

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44
Q

Some elements of society do not properly work

A

Functionalist perspective

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45
Q

Feminist theory is an extension of this perspective

A

Conflict perspective

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46
Q

Focuses on the forces in society that promote competition and change

A

Conflict perspective

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47
Q

views society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system

A

Functionalist perspective

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48
Q

Holds that society is held together by consensus

A

Functionalist perspective

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49
Q

traditional Customs, tales, sayings, dances, or art forms preserved among a people

A

Folklore

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50
Q

Shared products of human groups which include both physical objects and beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group

A

Culture

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51
Q

Norms that have great moral significance attached to them

A

Mores

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52
Q

Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them, the common customs of every day life

A

Folkways

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53
Q

Physical objects created by human groups

A

Material culture

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54
Q

A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity

A

Society

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55
Q

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

A

Values

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56
Q

Written rules of conduct that are enacted in enforced by the government

A

Laws

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57
Q

Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

A

Norms

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58
Q

Abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems

A

Nonmaterial culture

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59
Q

Culture reflects and enforces the values of those who hold power. It encourages/maintain social inequality

A

Conflict perspective

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60
Q

Culture is maintained and modified through every day social interaction

A

Interactionist perspective

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61
Q

Culture reflects and enforces society central values. It encourages harmony/stability by integrating individuals into society

A

Functionalist perspective

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62
Q

True or false: the tendency to view ones own culture as superior is ethnocentrism

A

True

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63
Q

True or false: material culture tends to change more readily than nonmaterial culture

A

True

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64
Q

True or false: extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism

A

True

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65
Q

True or false: the American value of individualism states that hard work, initiative, an individual effort are the keys to personal achievements

A

True

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66
Q

true Or false: when conducting research, sociologist are guided by ethics…… not norms

A

True

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67
Q

true or false: Americans tend to not believe that there are solutions to problems

A

False

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68
Q

True or false: ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one’s own culture in group as superior

A

True

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69
Q

True or false: when a mother leaves a demanding job in the middle of an important meeting to attend his daughter’s first soccer game, he is experiencing role exit

A

False

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70
Q

true or false: the socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances

A

False

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71
Q

True or false: master status plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life in determining his or her social identity

A

True

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72
Q

True or false: sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set

A

True

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73
Q

True or false: gender, race, and family heritage are examples of achieved status

A

false

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74
Q

What best describes reciprocity

A

Doing something for someone after that person has done something for you

75
Q

What are two examples of social interaction that take place throughout the world

A

Exchange, competition, conflict, and accommodation

76
Q

What is the deliberate attempt to control or harm someone with fewer no rules of conduct

A

Conflict

77
Q

An example of a member of a counterculture

A

College student protesting basketball program

78
Q

What do cultural universals do

A

They ensure fulfillment of basic needs and are common to all cultures

79
Q

Which groups share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population

A

Subcultures

80
Q

What is the believe that culture should be judged by their own standards

A

Cultural relativism

81
Q

What are the components of McDonaldization

A

Predictability, control, calculability, and efficiency

82
Q

what is the Purpose of the family

A

Care for children

83
Q

The interactive process through which people are the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society

A

Socialization

84
Q

The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society

A

Generalized other

85
Q

Part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self

A

Me

86
Q

The unsocialized, spontaneous, self interested component of personality and self identity

A

I

87
Q

The conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

A

Self

88
Q

What are examples of agents of socialization

A

Internet, peer group, school

89
Q

Which culture values do schools intentionally try to transmit

A

Good citizenship

90
Q

which two things does resocialization involve

A

1) a break with past experiences

2) learning new values and norms

91
Q

What are considered places of involuntary resocialization

A

Prison, monastery, military

92
Q

Which terms do sociologists use to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place

A

Agents of socialization

93
Q

What are ways of Mead’s development of self

A

imitation, organized games, and play

94
Q

According to dramaturgy, what is social interaction like

A

A drama being performed on a stage

95
Q

what are Factors that influence personality

A

Heredity, birth order, parental characteristics, and cultural environment

96
Q

True or false: sociologist have found that the institutionalization of infants can result in slower development of their mental, physical, and emotional skills

A

True

97
Q

True or false: cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society

A

True

98
Q

True or false: our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have siblings

A

False

99
Q

True or false: instinct is a changing, biologically inherited behavior pattern

A

False

100
Q

True or false: extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism

A

True

101
Q

True or false: the family is the primary agent of socialization

A

True

102
Q

True or false: sub cultural differences, such as the type of neighborhood in which an individual is raised, influence personality

A

True

103
Q

True or false: our personality determines how we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations

A

True

104
Q

True or false: believers in sociobiology argued that most of human social life is determined by environment, not biology

A

False

105
Q

True or false: an aptitude is a capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

A

True

106
Q

True or false: the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children is the result of heredity

A

true

107
Q

who Said that each person is born as a blank slate without a personality

A

John Locke

108
Q

Who came up with role taking

A

George mead

109
Q

Who came up with the proponent of interactionism who proposed the idea of dramaturgy

A

Erving Goffman

110
Q

Who said that individuals adjust their self images continually as they reinterpreted the way others view them

A

Charles Cooley

111
Q

Who came up with the looking glass self

A

Charles Cooley

112
Q

Who was the founder of the interactionist perspective who believes that how we see ourselves is only the beginning – as me not only see ourselves as others see us, but take on the roles of others

A

George mead

113
Q

Who said that human beings can be molded into any type of character

A

John Locke

114
Q

Who said that people make an effort to play their roles well and change their personalities based on the impression they want to convey

A

Erving Goffman

115
Q

who represents a logical progression from Cooley and Meade

A

Erving Goffman

116
Q

who said that we learn to see ourselves through the eyes of others and act accordingly

A

George mead

117
Q

Who said that social interaction is like performing for an audience

A

Erving Goffman

118
Q

‘Who said that we are born without a personality and we acquire our personalities as a result of our social experiences

A

John Locke

119
Q

Who said that we imagine how we appear to others, judge whether they see us as we see ourselves, and use our judgments to form our sense of self

A

Charles Cooley

120
Q

who came up with impression management

A

Erving Goffman

121
Q

Who said that humans form images of themselves based on how they seem to others

A

Charles Cooley

122
Q

Excepting a goal, and also excepting the socially approved methods of achieving it

A

Conformity

123
Q

Acting a goal and a legitimate means of achieving it, but substituting new goals and means of achievement

A

Rebellion

124
Q

Rejecting a goal, but continuing to use the legitimate means of achieving it

A

Ritualism

125
Q

A person accepts a goal, but uses deviant means to reach it

A

Innovation

126
Q

Rejecting a goal and also rejecting the legitimate means of achieving it, but substituting new goals and means of achievement

A

Retreatism

127
Q

A behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes negative action

A

Deviance

128
Q

A trait or characteristic trait that is used to label someone in a negative way

A

Stigma

129
Q

a belief system

A

Ideology

130
Q

The situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer acceptable

A

anomie

131
Q

what theory suggests that people who commit deviant acts have weak ties to the community

A

Control theory

132
Q

What is the process by which a norm becomes part of an individual’s personality

A

Internalization

133
Q

What term refers to a rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

A

Sanctions

134
Q

Sociologist call an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior what

A

Positive sanction

135
Q

What is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means

A

Social control

136
Q

What are forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault examples of

A

Violent crime

137
Q

What is the occasional violation of norms known as

A

Primary deviance

138
Q

True or false: what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered deviant in another

A

True

139
Q

What is used to plead guilty to a lesser charge in order to allow the courts to reduce their huge volume of caseloads while avoiding trials that may not produce a guilty verdict

A

Plea-bargaining

140
Q

What is the proportions of associations a person has with a deviant versus non-deviant individual called

A

Differential association

141
Q

What mode of adaptation is the most common

A

Conformity

142
Q

True or false: most white collar crimes involve vices

A

False

143
Q

True or false: the four basic function of corrections are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection

A

True

144
Q

True or false: many factors are considered in the exercise of police discretion, including the seriousness of the offense

A

True

145
Q

True or false: strain theory view sanctions as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms and structure of society

A

False

146
Q

true or false: Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the ultimate negative formal sanction

A

True

147
Q

true or false: Recidivism is the term for repeated criminal behavior

A

true

148
Q

true or false: The US criminal justice system investigates, prosecute, and punishes criminals

A

True

149
Q

True or false: sociologists have one theory to explain deviant behavior

A

False

150
Q

True or false: norms must be followed for society to run smoothly, and they are enforced through internalization and sanctions

A

True

151
Q

Which perspective states that deviance is a natural part of society

A

Functionalist perspective

152
Q

Which perspective states the interaction among individuals influences deviance

A

Interactionist perspective

153
Q

Which perspective stays that deviance as a result of competition and social inequality

A

Conflict perspective

154
Q

Which perspective says that deviance results from the strain of goals and compatible with the available means of achieving them

A

Functionalist perspective

155
Q

Which perspective includes the control theory, cultural transmission theory, and labeling theory

A

Interactionist perspective

156
Q

Which perspective says that deviance service positive and negative functions

A

Functionalist perspective

157
Q

Which perspective says that those without power commit deviant acts to obtain economic awards or to relieve their feelings of powerlessness

A

Conflict perspective

158
Q

Which perspective says that peer groups have an important role in transmitting deviance

A

Interactionist perspective

159
Q

Which perspective says that deviance results for not being able to achieve goals valued by society

A

Functionalist perspective

160
Q

Mike’s family was unable to pay their bills last week. Mike one of the best for his family but cannot make ends meet with his low-paying job. There is some extra cash, he began selling fraudulent tickets to why games. According to Merton, Mike is a………

A

Innovator

161
Q

Even though Molly studied hard during the first semester of chemistry, she still received a D. During the second semester, she decided it was hopeless and quit studying. According to Merton, Molly is a……

A

retreatist

162
Q

James lives in northern Michigan and participates in a paramilitary groups. They oppose the federal government and plan to replace it with their own form of government. According to Merton, James is a …….

A

rebel

163
Q

The believe that one sex is superior to another by nature

A

Sexism

164
Q

A system in which men are dominant over women

A

Patriarchy

165
Q

Specific behaviors and attitudes that society establishes for men and women

A

Gender roles

166
Q

Invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business

A

Glass ceiling

167
Q

Level of a woman’s income relative to that of a man

A

Wage gap

168
Q

True or false: men in the United States have about 10 more hours of leisure time per week than women

A

True

169
Q

true or false: the 18th amendment gave women the right to vote

A

false

170
Q

True or false: in most societies, men are charged with providing economic support and physical safety for the family

A

True

171
Q

True or false: sociologists interpret Cross cultural variations in gender roles as evidence that gender roles are biological

A

Yes

172
Q

True or false: it is gender, not biology, that determines the majority of the roles that men and women play in society

A

true

173
Q

True or false: gender socialization continues throughout life and is not limited to childhood

A

True

174
Q

True or false: today for every dollar meant earn, woman earn approximately $.64

A

False

175
Q

True or false: sexism is at the heart of gender based discrimination

A

True

176
Q

True or false: today in the US, gender typing a boys and girls is not as widespread as it was in the past

A

true

177
Q

True or false: gender roles are both different and unequal

A

True

178
Q

True or false: woman have worked hard to overcome inequality in education, work, and politics

A

True

179
Q

what comprises the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women

A

Gender

180
Q

What is the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture

A

Gender identity

181
Q

What is the most powerful agent of socialization

A

Family

182
Q

What happened with the equal rights amendment which guaranteed men and women the same rights and protections under the law

A

It failed to be ratified as an amendment

183
Q

The feminine mystique which critiqued the limits society placed on woman was written by who

A

Betty Friedan

Sociology (6 decks)

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