Chapter7 Flashcards
the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations
Internalization
the rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
Sanctions
an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior
Positive sanction
a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
Negative sanction
a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as a school, business, or government
Formal sanction
a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group
Informal sanction
sharp criticism or expression of disapproval
Rebuke
enforcing of norms through either internal or external means
Social control
a behavior that violates significant social norms
Deviance
a mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant individual apart from the rest of society
Stigma
a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society
Strain theory
the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable
Anomie
Belief systems
Ideologies
a theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurrence and conformity is seen as the result of social ties among individuals
Control theory
a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others
Cultural transmission theory
a concept that refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals
Differential association
a theory of deviant behavior that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant
Labeling theory
the occasional violation of norms; the individuals who commit it do not see themselves as deviant and neither does society
Primary deviance
a lifestyle of deviance; results in the individuals who commit it being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true
Secondary deviance
any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law
Crime
a crime that is committed by people of high social status in the course of their professional lives
White-collar crime
a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence
Crime syndicate
Legal term for offenses involving immorality, such as prostitution and gambling
Vice
the system of police, courts, and corrections that has jurisdiction once a crime has been committed
Criminal-justice system
the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested
Police discretion
a practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans
Racial profiling
the process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
Plea bargaining
sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service used to punish criminals
Corrections
repeated criminal behavior
Recidivism
