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Physiology- Katie > sem 2 Lecture 1-3 > Flashcards

sem 2 Lecture 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three components of the tripartite brain?

a. Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
b. rhombencephalon, meyelencephalon, telencephalon
c. diencephalon, meyelencephalon, telencephalon
d. anencephalon, prosencephalon, teleencephalon

A

a. Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What are the two components of the prosencephalon?

a. metencephalon and myelencephalon
b. ​diencephalon and mesencephalon
c. telencephalon and diencephalon
d. telencephalon and metencephalon

A

c. telencephalon and diencephalon

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3
Q

What component makes up the mesencephalon?

a. telencephalon
b. mesencephalon
c. myelencephalon
d. metencephalon

A

b. mesencephalon

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4
Q

what are the two components of the Rhombencephalon?

a. telencephalon and diencephalon
b. mesencephalon and myelencephalon
c. diencephalon and myelencephalon
d. metencephalon and myelencephalon

A

d. metencephalon and myelencephalon

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5
Q

What is the resulting condition of failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close?

a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly

spina bifida

d. arnold-chiari

A

b. anencephaly

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6
Q

What is the resulting condition that is a failure of the prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres and results in a single orbit eye(s) and cleft lip/palate?

a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly
c. spina bifida
d. arnold-chiari

A

a. holoprosencephaly

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7
Q

What disease results from failure of the inferior neuropore to close and veterbral arch(es) fail to develop in caudal area?

a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly
c. spina bifida occulta
d. arnold-chiari

A

c. spina bifida occulta

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8
Q

What is the difference between Spina bifida Occulta and Spina Bifida Cystica?

A

Occulta spinal cord funcion is usually normal and usually only indication is a tuft of hair over where the defect is

Cystica comes in 3 forms and is characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of the spine

  1. Meningocele - only meninges in sac
  2. Meningomyelocele - both meninges and spinal cord in sac
  3. Myeloschisis - faulire of caudal neural folds to close total lower paralysis
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9
Q

This defect results in malformation of the lower cranial nerves, medulla and pons are small and deformed, and inferior and meddula are elongated and protrude into vetrebral canal.

a. holoprosencephaly
b. Myeloschisis
c. spina bifida occulta
d. arnold-chiari

A

d. arnold-chiari

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10
Q

What is the main part of the myelencephalon?

a. medulla oblongata
b. pons
c. broca’s area
d. cerebellum

A

a. medulla oblongata

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11
Q

The roof of the myelencephalon is a greatly infolded area of the brain where CSF is produced..

a. central sulcus
b. posterior choroid plexus
c. angular gyrus
d. medulla oblongata

A

b. posterior choroid plexus

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12
Q

These two parts of the pentapartite brain make up the fourth ventrical

a. Myelencephalon and Mesencephalon
b. Myelencephalon and telencephalon
c. Mesencephalon and diencephalon
d. Myelencephalon and Metencephalon

A

d. Myelencephalon and Metencephalon

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13
Q

Lateral Ventricles I and II are the lumen associated with what brain structure?

a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon

A

d. Telencephalon

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14
Q

This brain structure has a roof that consist of cerebral hemispheres and a floor tht consists of Basal nuclei (ganglia) and olfactory lobes and nerves.

a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon

A

d. Telencephalon

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15
Q

This pentapartite brain structure contains the third ventricle, the roof is the epithalamus, walls are the thalamus, and the flood is the hypothalamus and infundibulum.

a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon

A

c. Diencephalon

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16
Q

This pentapartite brain structure has a lumen cerebral aquaduct (of Sylvius), roof = Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and floor = Tegmentum

a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon

A

b. Mesencephalon

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17
Q

This part of the brain is part of the fourth ventricle, the roof is the cerebellum and the floor is the pons

a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon

A

a. Metencephalon

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18
Q

The Pons (in the Metencephalon) consists of Cranial Nerve Nuclei and these two centers.

a. vasomotor center and sleep center
b. Respiratory center and vasomotor center
c. sleep center and cardiac center
d. sleep center and respiratory center

A

D. sleep center and respiratory center

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19
Q

This brain structure consists of Nuclei, Pyrimids, Olives, Vital Reflex centers, and Various nonvital centers

a, Pons

b. Thalamus,
c. Medulla
d. cerebral cortex

A

c. medulla

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20
Q

These three types of nuclei: Vestibular nuclear compllex, Sensory nuclei, and portions of reticular formation are found in what part of the brain?

a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Myelencephalon

A

d. Myelencephalon

Medulla

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21
Q

What consists of lateral corticospinal tracts?

a. Olives
b. Pyramids
c. Nuclei
d. Tectum

A

b. Pyrimids

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22
Q

Site of nuclei related to cerebellum

a. Pyrimids
b. sensory nuclei
c. portions of reticular formation
d. Olives

A

d. Olives

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23
Q

These cardiac center, Vasomotor center and the centers related to respiration are 3 vital reflex centers part of the what structure?

a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. diencephalon
d. Thalamus

A

b. Medulla

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24
Q

____ nuclei are the relay between cerebrum and cerebellum and are found in the pons of the ______?

a. Pontine; Metencephalon
b. Olive; Myencephalon
c. cerebellum; diencephalon
d. Cranial; Metencephalon

A

a. Pontine; Metencephalon

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25
Q

The Mesencephalon consist of what type of nuclei?

a. cranial nerve nuclei V-VIII
b. Pontine Nuclei
c. Cranial Nerve Nuclei III-IV
d. Vestibular Nuclei

A

c. Cranial Nerve Nuclei III-IV

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26
Q

This structure consists of Red Nucleus, Substantia nigra, and various tracts and is located in the Mesencephalon.

a. Tectum
b. Pons
c. Peduncles
d. Tegmentum

A

D. Tegmentum

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27
Q

These structures are found in the Cerebellum and are large pairs of fiber tracts connected to other parts of the brain

a. cortex
b. Habenular Nuclei
c. Peduncles
d. Pineal body

A

c. Peduncles

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28
Q

This structure of the brain that’s part of the Metencephalon coordinates skeletal muscle m ovements, maintains equilibrium and posture, and synergic control of muscle activity

a. Cerebellum

B. Thalamus

c. Cortex
d. Pons

A

a. Cerebellum

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29
Q

What part of the brain consists of the Thalmus, Epithalamus, and the Hypothalamus?

a. Metencephalon
b. Diencephalon
c. Telencephalon
d. Protencephalon

A

b. Diencephalon

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30
Q

This structure is the major relay center for afferent and efferent information to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain .

a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. Thalmus
d. Hypothalamus

A

C. Thalamus

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31
Q

Habernular nuclei are involved in emotional and visceral response to odors and are found in conjunction with the Pineal body in this brain structure

a. Thalamus
b. Epithalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. Medulla

A

b. Epithalamus

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32
Q

This area of the Diencephalon consists of mamillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei while functions as the control and integrate the ANS, visceral activity, control body temp, maintains extracellular fluid volume, and more.

a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Epithalamus
c. Hippocampus

A

b. Hypothalamus

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33
Q

The olfactory bulbs, Basal Nuclei (ganglia), and Cerebral cortex (surface with gyri and sulci) are all parts of what pentapartite Brain Structure?

a. Diencephalon
b. Telencephalon
c. Mesencephalon

d, Metencephalon

A

b. Telencephalon

34
Q

What two components make up the PNS?

a. Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves
b. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
c. Brain and Spinal Cord
d. Cranial Nerves and Spinal Cord

A

a. Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves

35
Q

What is an aggregation of Dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?

a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract

A

a. Nucleus

36
Q

What is an aggregation of Dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?

a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract

A

b. Ganglion

37
Q

What is an bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS called?

a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract

A

d. Tract

38
Q

What is an bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS called?

a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract

A

c. Nerve

39
Q

What is a tract in the CNA that crosses from one side to the other and allows the left to know what the right side of the brain is doing?

a. Nucleus
b. Commissure
c. Cell Body
d. Tract

A

b. Commissure

40
Q

This part of a neuron is a Trophic unit that encloses the nucleus and other organelles to maintain and repair the neuron

a. Dendrite
b. . axon hillock
c. Cell Body
d. White Matter

A

c. Cell body

41
Q

This part of a neuron is the receptve unit branches off the cell body that carries information to the cell body

a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Cell body
d. Axon hillox

A

b dendrite

42
Q

The part of the neuron that is the conductive unit that carries information to another neuron or muscle cell

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. cell body
d. bouton

A

a. Axon

43
Q

What matter is an area of myelinated axons?

a. Gray matter
b. White Matter
c. Black Matter
d. muscle matter

A

b. White Matter

44
Q

What matter is an area of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites?

a. Gray matter
b. White Matter
c. Black Matter
d. muscle matter

A

a. Gray Matter

45
Q

List the components of a Reflec arc

( a pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS)

A

minimally of a sensory (afferent) pathway and a motor (efferent) pathway

  • can have association neurons (interneurons) that are in the CNS that modulate the interaction between the afferent and the efferent neurons

Afferent pathways can be somatic from non-visceral structures of Visceral (Splanchnic) from viscera

Efferent can be Somatic (motor signals to skeletal muscles) or Visceral (motor signals to smooth or cardiac muscle

46
Q

list the components of a synapse

A

Presynaptic Membrane

Synaptic Cleft

Post synaptic membrane

can be monosynaptic or polysynaptive

47
Q

What are the three physiological states of a neuron?

A

Resting (cell body approx. -65mV)

Excited (potential is more +; about -45mV

  • due to influx of Na+

Inhibited (potential more negative than at rest about -70mV)

  • due to influx of Cl- or efflux of K+
48
Q

List the order of the somatosensory axis

(the sequence of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from the peripheral receptors to higher brain centers)

A

peripheral receptors

afferent neurons

spinal cord or brainstem

Reticular Substance

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex

49
Q

List in oder the components of the skeletal motor nerve axis

(sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higer brain centers to skeletal muscles)

A

motor cortex of cerebrum

efferent pathways made of

  • upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the ventral horns of spinal cord
  • alpha motor neurons (lower motor neurons) extending to the skeletal muscles

Effectors

  • skeletal muscles

processing areas ( basal nuclei in telencephalon, thaamus in diencephalon, spinal cord reflexes)

50
Q

What is another word for Electrotonic conduction?

A

Local potential

  • direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids without genertations an action potential
51
Q

What is the gradual loss of the potential as the depolarization spreads from the site in initiation (much off the potential is lost because of leakage)?

a. electrotonic conduction
b. decremental conduction
c. fatigue of synaptic transmission
d. action potential

A

b. decremental conduction

52
Q

what is it called when excitatory synapses are repetitively stimulated at a rapid rate and starts out strong but the firing rate becomes progressively less in succeeding miliseconds

a. electrotonic conduction
b. decremental conduction
c. excitatory state of a neuron
d. fatigue of synaptic transmission

A

d. fatigue of synaptic transmission

53
Q

Define the excitatory state of a neuron

a. when much of the potential is lost from leakage
b. when the neuron fires
c. the summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron

A

c. the summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron

54
Q

what factors determine the firing rate of a neuron?

A

normal excitatory rate

and

the change in the excitatory rate due to superimposition of additional excitatory or inhibitory signals

55
Q

What is the effect of alkalosis on the neuron

a. greatly increases neuronal excitability
b. greatly depresses neuronal excitability
c. causes complete inexcitability
d. no change

A

a. greatly increases neuronal excitability
so. ..
b. would be the effect of acidosis
c. would be effect of Hypoxia

56
Q

What substance increases neuronal excitability by reducing the threshold for excitation of neurons?

a. anesthetics
b. Strychnine
c. Caffeine

A

c. Caffeine

others include theophylline and theobromine

57
Q

What substance increases neuronal excitability by inhibiting the efffect of glycine in the spinal cord?

a. anesthetics
b. Strychnine
c. Caffeine

A

b. Strychnine

58
Q

What is the term used to describe the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron?

a. electrotonic conduction
b. firing rate
c. synaptic transmission
d. Synaptic Delay

A

D. Synaptic Delay

factors that contribute to it are:

  • time take to release the neurotransmitter
  • time takes for neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft
  • how the neurotransmitter acts on the postsynaptic membrane
  • time it takes for the receptor to increase membrane permeability
  • time it takes for the inward diffusion of sodium ions
59
Q

Name two sources of blood supply to the brain

A

vertebral artery

Internal carotids

60
Q

Distinguish between granular, fusiform, and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex (telencephalon)

A

Granular

  • short axons
  • interneurons

both excitatory (Glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA)

Fusiform are smaller output neurons

PYrimidal are large output neurons

61
Q

What is the cortical layer the is the origin of most output signals?

a. IV and V
b. I and V
c. I and II
d. V and VI

A

d. V and VI

62
Q

What is the cortical layer(s) that is responsible for containing the termination of most incoming specific sensory signals?

a. V
b. I, II and III
c. IV
d. V and VI

A

c. IV

63
Q

What layer(s) of the cortex are respoonsible for Intracortical association functions?

a. IV
b. V and VI
c. I and II
d. I, II, and III

A

d. I,II.and III

64
Q

describe the relationship between the cerebral cortex to the Thalamus.

(aka the thalamocortical system)

A

when the thalamic connection are cut, the functions of the corresponding cortical areas become almost entirely lost

  • areas of the cerebral cortex that conenct with specific parts of the thalamus
  • connections act in 2 directions
  • almost all pathways from the sensory receptors and sensory organs to the cortex pass through the thalamus with the principle eception of some sensory pathways of olfaction
65
Q

These are direct connections with specific muscles

a. primary motor areas
b. secondary motor areas
c. tertiary motor areas
d. secondary sensory areas

A

a. primary motor areas

66
Q

These areas provide patterns of motor activity

a. primary motor areas
b. secondary motor areas
c. tertiary motor areas
d. sensory motor areas

A

b. secondary motor areas

67
Q

What is the difference between primary sensory areas and secondary sensory areas?

A

Primary sensory areas detect specific sensations (ex. visual, auditory, somatic)

Secondary sensory areas analyze the meaning of specific sensory signals

68
Q

This association area of the brain is the area for analysis of spatial coordination

a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
b. Prefrontal association area
c. the Limbic association area

A

a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area

69
Q

This association area of the brain receives preanalyzed sensory information (especially concerning spatial coordinate) necessary for planning effective movements and carries out thought processes in the mind

a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
b. Prefrontal association area
c. the Limbic association area

A

b. Prefrontal association area

70
Q

This area of the brain is responsible for word formation

a. Wernicke’s area
b. Broca’s Area
c. Angular Gyrus
d. Central Sulcus

A

b. Broca’s Area

71
Q

This area of the brain is responsible for language comprehension and intellegence

a. Broca’s Area
b. Angular Gyrus
c. Central Sulcus
d. Wernicke’s Area

A

d. Wernicke’s Area

72
Q

What area of the brain is concerned with behavior, emotions, and motivation?

a. Wernicke’s Area
b. Broca’s Area
c. Limbic Association Area
d. Prefrontal association area

A

c. Limbic Association area

73
Q

The region of the brain is located in the inferior parietal lobe and is involved in the processing of auditory and visual input and in the comprehension of language. It makes meaninf out of visually perceived words.

a. cental Sulcus
b. Broca’s Area
c. Angular Gyrus
d. Limbic association area

A

c. Angular Gyrus

74
Q

After a constuction accident Bill was a completely different person and was severely aggressive, he couldn’t complete work projects, and continually offended all of his coworkers. He would constantly seem spaced out after complete instrucions were given to him. What is Bill suffering from?

a. Wernicke’s Aphasia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Prefrontal Lobotomy
d. severe personality disoder

A

c. Prefrontal lobotomy

75
Q

After a car accident Suzy lost her ability to speak and answer questions about what she wants. Instead of forming words she can only make noises. She is most likely suffering from what?

a. Werkicke’s Aphasia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Prefrontal lobotomy
d. nothing she’s a woman

A

b. Broca’s Aphasia

Wernicke’s Aphasia si when some people are capable of undeerstanding either spoken or written word but are unable to interpret the thought that is expressed

76
Q

This structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows the transfer of somatic and visual information from the right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area

a. central sulcus
b. Angular Gyri
c. Corpus Callosum
d. lateral sulcus

A

c. Corpus Callosum

77
Q

Which of the following demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex?

a, lateral sulcus

b. central sulcus
c. Insula
d. Angular Gyri

A

b. Central Sulcus

78
Q

This is a type of memory of the various details of an integrated thought such as a memory of an important experience

a. reflexive memory
b. long term memory
c. Declarative memory
d. memory sensitization

A

c. Declarative memory
a. is frequently associated with motor activites of a person’s body

79
Q

This type of memory is due to high rates of transmitter vesicles released, large number of presynaptic terminals, and different dendritic spines.

a. short-term memory
b. long term memory
c. intermediate memory
d. memory sensitization

A

b. long term memory

80
Q

This neurotransmitters id released from a facilitator terminal in response to a noxious stimulus (ie. pain)

a. Dopamine
b. Norepinephrine
c. GABA
d. Serotonin

A

d. Serotonin

Physiology- Katie (10 decks)

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