sem 2 Lecture 1-3 Flashcards
What are the three components of the tripartite brain?
a. Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
b. rhombencephalon, meyelencephalon, telencephalon
c. diencephalon, meyelencephalon, telencephalon
d. anencephalon, prosencephalon, teleencephalon
a. Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
What are the two components of the prosencephalon?
a. metencephalon and myelencephalon
b. diencephalon and mesencephalon
c. telencephalon and diencephalon
d. telencephalon and metencephalon
c. telencephalon and diencephalon
What component makes up the mesencephalon?
a. telencephalon
b. mesencephalon
c. myelencephalon
d. metencephalon
b. mesencephalon
what are the two components of the Rhombencephalon?
a. telencephalon and diencephalon
b. mesencephalon and myelencephalon
c. diencephalon and myelencephalon
d. metencephalon and myelencephalon
d. metencephalon and myelencephalon
What is the resulting condition of failure of the cranial end of the neural tube to close?
a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly
spina bifida
d. arnold-chiari
b. anencephaly
What is the resulting condition that is a failure of the prosencephalon to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres and results in a single orbit eye(s) and cleft lip/palate?
a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly
c. spina bifida
d. arnold-chiari
a. holoprosencephaly
What disease results from failure of the inferior neuropore to close and veterbral arch(es) fail to develop in caudal area?
a. holoprosencephaly
b. anencephaly
c. spina bifida occulta
d. arnold-chiari
c. spina bifida occulta
What is the difference between Spina bifida Occulta and Spina Bifida Cystica?
Occulta spinal cord funcion is usually normal and usually only indication is a tuft of hair over where the defect is
Cystica comes in 3 forms and is characterized by a sac-like cyst at the caudal end of the spine
- Meningocele - only meninges in sac
- Meningomyelocele - both meninges and spinal cord in sac
- Myeloschisis - faulire of caudal neural folds to close total lower paralysis
This defect results in malformation of the lower cranial nerves, medulla and pons are small and deformed, and inferior and meddula are elongated and protrude into vetrebral canal.
a. holoprosencephaly
b. Myeloschisis
c. spina bifida occulta
d. arnold-chiari
d. arnold-chiari
What is the main part of the myelencephalon?
a. medulla oblongata
b. pons
c. broca’s area
d. cerebellum
a. medulla oblongata
The roof of the myelencephalon is a greatly infolded area of the brain where CSF is produced..
a. central sulcus
b. posterior choroid plexus
c. angular gyrus
d. medulla oblongata
b. posterior choroid plexus
These two parts of the pentapartite brain make up the fourth ventrical
a. Myelencephalon and Mesencephalon
b. Myelencephalon and telencephalon
c. Mesencephalon and diencephalon
d. Myelencephalon and Metencephalon
d. Myelencephalon and Metencephalon
Lateral Ventricles I and II are the lumen associated with what brain structure?
a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon
d. Telencephalon
This brain structure has a roof that consist of cerebral hemispheres and a floor tht consists of Basal nuclei (ganglia) and olfactory lobes and nerves.
a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon
d. Telencephalon
This pentapartite brain structure contains the third ventricle, the roof is the epithalamus, walls are the thalamus, and the flood is the hypothalamus and infundibulum.
a. Metencephalon
b. Myelencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon
c. Diencephalon
This pentapartite brain structure has a lumen cerebral aquaduct (of Sylvius), roof = Tectum (superior and inferior colliculi) and floor = Tegmentum
a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
This part of the brain is part of the fourth ventricle, the roof is the cerebellum and the floor is the pons
a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Telencephalon
a. Metencephalon
The Pons (in the Metencephalon) consists of Cranial Nerve Nuclei and these two centers.
a. vasomotor center and sleep center
b. Respiratory center and vasomotor center
c. sleep center and cardiac center
d. sleep center and respiratory center
D. sleep center and respiratory center
This brain structure consists of Nuclei, Pyrimids, Olives, Vital Reflex centers, and Various nonvital centers
a, Pons
b. Thalamus,
c. Medulla
d. cerebral cortex
c. medulla
These three types of nuclei: Vestibular nuclear compllex, Sensory nuclei, and portions of reticular formation are found in what part of the brain?
a. Metencephalon
b. Mesencephalon
c. Diencephalon
d. Myelencephalon
d. Myelencephalon
Medulla
What consists of lateral corticospinal tracts?
a. Olives
b. Pyramids
c. Nuclei
d. Tectum
b. Pyrimids
Site of nuclei related to cerebellum
a. Pyrimids
b. sensory nuclei
c. portions of reticular formation
d. Olives
d. Olives
These cardiac center, Vasomotor center and the centers related to respiration are 3 vital reflex centers part of the what structure?
a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. diencephalon
d. Thalamus
b. Medulla
____ nuclei are the relay between cerebrum and cerebellum and are found in the pons of the ______?
a. Pontine; Metencephalon
b. Olive; Myencephalon
c. cerebellum; diencephalon
d. Cranial; Metencephalon
a. Pontine; Metencephalon
The Mesencephalon consist of what type of nuclei?
a. cranial nerve nuclei V-VIII
b. Pontine Nuclei
c. Cranial Nerve Nuclei III-IV
d. Vestibular Nuclei
c. Cranial Nerve Nuclei III-IV
This structure consists of Red Nucleus, Substantia nigra, and various tracts and is located in the Mesencephalon.
a. Tectum
b. Pons
c. Peduncles
d. Tegmentum
D. Tegmentum
These structures are found in the Cerebellum and are large pairs of fiber tracts connected to other parts of the brain
a. cortex
b. Habenular Nuclei
c. Peduncles
d. Pineal body
c. Peduncles
This structure of the brain that’s part of the Metencephalon coordinates skeletal muscle m ovements, maintains equilibrium and posture, and synergic control of muscle activity
a. Cerebellum
B. Thalamus
c. Cortex
d. Pons
a. Cerebellum
What part of the brain consists of the Thalmus, Epithalamus, and the Hypothalamus?
a. Metencephalon
b. Diencephalon
c. Telencephalon
d. Protencephalon
b. Diencephalon
This structure is the major relay center for afferent and efferent information to and from cerebrum and other areas of the brain .
a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. Thalmus
d. Hypothalamus
C. Thalamus
Habernular nuclei are involved in emotional and visceral response to odors and are found in conjunction with the Pineal body in this brain structure
a. Thalamus
b. Epithalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. Medulla
b. Epithalamus
This area of the Diencephalon consists of mamillary bodies involved in olfactory reflexes and supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei while functions as the control and integrate the ANS, visceral activity, control body temp, maintains extracellular fluid volume, and more.
a. Thalamus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Epithalamus
c. Hippocampus
b. Hypothalamus
The olfactory bulbs, Basal Nuclei (ganglia), and Cerebral cortex (surface with gyri and sulci) are all parts of what pentapartite Brain Structure?
a. Diencephalon
b. Telencephalon
c. Mesencephalon
d, Metencephalon
b. Telencephalon
What two components make up the PNS?
a. Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves
b. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
c. Brain and Spinal Cord
d. Cranial Nerves and Spinal Cord
a. Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves
What is an aggregation of Dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS called?
a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract
a. Nucleus
What is an aggregation of Dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS called?
a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract
b. Ganglion
What is an bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS called?
a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract
d. Tract
What is an bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS called?
a. Nucleus
b. Ganglion
c. Nerve
d. Tract
c. Nerve
What is a tract in the CNA that crosses from one side to the other and allows the left to know what the right side of the brain is doing?
a. Nucleus
b. Commissure
c. Cell Body
d. Tract
b. Commissure
This part of a neuron is a Trophic unit that encloses the nucleus and other organelles to maintain and repair the neuron
a. Dendrite
b. . axon hillock
c. Cell Body
d. White Matter
c. Cell body
This part of a neuron is the receptve unit branches off the cell body that carries information to the cell body
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Cell body
d. Axon hillox
b dendrite
The part of the neuron that is the conductive unit that carries information to another neuron or muscle cell
a. axon
b. dendrite
c. cell body
d. bouton
a. Axon
What matter is an area of myelinated axons?
a. Gray matter
b. White Matter
c. Black Matter
d. muscle matter
b. White Matter
What matter is an area of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites?
a. Gray matter
b. White Matter
c. Black Matter
d. muscle matter
a. Gray Matter
List the components of a Reflec arc
( a pathway that leaves from and returns to the CNS)
minimally of a sensory (afferent) pathway and a motor (efferent) pathway
- can have association neurons (interneurons) that are in the CNS that modulate the interaction between the afferent and the efferent neurons
Afferent pathways can be somatic from non-visceral structures of Visceral (Splanchnic) from viscera
Efferent can be Somatic (motor signals to skeletal muscles) or Visceral (motor signals to smooth or cardiac muscle
list the components of a synapse
Presynaptic Membrane
Synaptic Cleft
Post synaptic membrane
can be monosynaptic or polysynaptive
What are the three physiological states of a neuron?
Resting (cell body approx. -65mV)
Excited (potential is more +; about -45mV
- due to influx of Na+
Inhibited (potential more negative than at rest about -70mV)
- due to influx of Cl- or efflux of K+
List the order of the somatosensory axis
(the sequence of structures involved in the transmission of a sensory signal from the peripheral receptors to higher brain centers)
peripheral receptors
afferent neurons
spinal cord or brainstem
Reticular Substance
Cerebellum
Thalamus
Somesthetic areas of cerebral cortex
List in oder the components of the skeletal motor nerve axis
(sequence of structures involved in the transmission of an action potential from the higer brain centers to skeletal muscles)
motor cortex of cerebrum
efferent pathways made of
- upper motor neurons extending from cortical areas to the ventral horns of spinal cord
- alpha motor neurons (lower motor neurons) extending to the skeletal muscles
Effectors
- skeletal muscles
processing areas ( basal nuclei in telencephalon, thaamus in diencephalon, spinal cord reflexes)
What is another word for Electrotonic conduction?
Local potential
- direct spread of electrical current by ion conduction in the dendritic fluids without genertations an action potential
What is the gradual loss of the potential as the depolarization spreads from the site in initiation (much off the potential is lost because of leakage)?
a. electrotonic conduction
b. decremental conduction
c. fatigue of synaptic transmission
d. action potential
b. decremental conduction
what is it called when excitatory synapses are repetitively stimulated at a rapid rate and starts out strong but the firing rate becomes progressively less in succeeding miliseconds
a. electrotonic conduction
b. decremental conduction
c. excitatory state of a neuron
d. fatigue of synaptic transmission
d. fatigue of synaptic transmission
Define the excitatory state of a neuron
a. when much of the potential is lost from leakage
b. when the neuron fires
c. the summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron
c. the summated degree of excitatory drive to the neuron
what factors determine the firing rate of a neuron?
normal excitatory rate
and
the change in the excitatory rate due to superimposition of additional excitatory or inhibitory signals
What is the effect of alkalosis on the neuron
a. greatly increases neuronal excitability
b. greatly depresses neuronal excitability
c. causes complete inexcitability
d. no change
a. greatly increases neuronal excitability
so. ..
b. would be the effect of acidosis
c. would be effect of Hypoxia
What substance increases neuronal excitability by reducing the threshold for excitation of neurons?
a. anesthetics
b. Strychnine
c. Caffeine
c. Caffeine
others include theophylline and theobromine
What substance increases neuronal excitability by inhibiting the efffect of glycine in the spinal cord?
a. anesthetics
b. Strychnine
c. Caffeine
b. Strychnine
What is the term used to describe the time it takes to transmit a signal from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron?
a. electrotonic conduction
b. firing rate
c. synaptic transmission
d. Synaptic Delay
D. Synaptic Delay
factors that contribute to it are:
- time take to release the neurotransmitter
- time takes for neurotransmitter to diffuse across the synaptic cleft
- how the neurotransmitter acts on the postsynaptic membrane
- time it takes for the receptor to increase membrane permeability
- time it takes for the inward diffusion of sodium ions
Name two sources of blood supply to the brain
vertebral artery
Internal carotids
Distinguish between granular, fusiform, and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex (telencephalon)
Granular
- short axons
- interneurons
both excitatory (Glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA)
Fusiform are smaller output neurons
PYrimidal are large output neurons
What is the cortical layer the is the origin of most output signals?
a. IV and V
b. I and V
c. I and II
d. V and VI
d. V and VI
What is the cortical layer(s) that is responsible for containing the termination of most incoming specific sensory signals?
a. V
b. I, II and III
c. IV
d. V and VI
c. IV
What layer(s) of the cortex are respoonsible for Intracortical association functions?
a. IV
b. V and VI
c. I and II
d. I, II, and III
d. I,II.and III
describe the relationship between the cerebral cortex to the Thalamus.
(aka the thalamocortical system)
when the thalamic connection are cut, the functions of the corresponding cortical areas become almost entirely lost
- areas of the cerebral cortex that conenct with specific parts of the thalamus
- connections act in 2 directions
- almost all pathways from the sensory receptors and sensory organs to the cortex pass through the thalamus with the principle eception of some sensory pathways of olfaction
These are direct connections with specific muscles
a. primary motor areas
b. secondary motor areas
c. tertiary motor areas
d. secondary sensory areas
a. primary motor areas
These areas provide patterns of motor activity
a. primary motor areas
b. secondary motor areas
c. tertiary motor areas
d. sensory motor areas
b. secondary motor areas
What is the difference between primary sensory areas and secondary sensory areas?
Primary sensory areas detect specific sensations (ex. visual, auditory, somatic)
Secondary sensory areas analyze the meaning of specific sensory signals
This association area of the brain is the area for analysis of spatial coordination
a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
b. Prefrontal association area
c. the Limbic association area
a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
This association area of the brain receives preanalyzed sensory information (especially concerning spatial coordinate) necessary for planning effective movements and carries out thought processes in the mind
a. Parieto-occipitotemporal association area
b. Prefrontal association area
c. the Limbic association area
b. Prefrontal association area
This area of the brain is responsible for word formation
a. Wernicke’s area
b. Broca’s Area
c. Angular Gyrus
d. Central Sulcus
b. Broca’s Area
This area of the brain is responsible for language comprehension and intellegence
a. Broca’s Area
b. Angular Gyrus
c. Central Sulcus
d. Wernicke’s Area
d. Wernicke’s Area
What area of the brain is concerned with behavior, emotions, and motivation?
a. Wernicke’s Area
b. Broca’s Area
c. Limbic Association Area
d. Prefrontal association area
c. Limbic Association area
The region of the brain is located in the inferior parietal lobe and is involved in the processing of auditory and visual input and in the comprehension of language. It makes meaninf out of visually perceived words.
a. cental Sulcus
b. Broca’s Area
c. Angular Gyrus
d. Limbic association area
c. Angular Gyrus
After a constuction accident Bill was a completely different person and was severely aggressive, he couldn’t complete work projects, and continually offended all of his coworkers. He would constantly seem spaced out after complete instrucions were given to him. What is Bill suffering from?
a. Wernicke’s Aphasia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Prefrontal Lobotomy
d. severe personality disoder
c. Prefrontal lobotomy
After a car accident Suzy lost her ability to speak and answer questions about what she wants. Instead of forming words she can only make noises. She is most likely suffering from what?
a. Werkicke’s Aphasia
b. Broca’s Aphasia
c. Prefrontal lobotomy
d. nothing she’s a woman
b. Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s Aphasia si when some people are capable of undeerstanding either spoken or written word but are unable to interpret the thought that is expressed
This structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows the transfer of somatic and visual information from the right hemisphere into Wernicke’s area
a. central sulcus
b. Angular Gyri
c. Corpus Callosum
d. lateral sulcus
c. Corpus Callosum
Which of the following demarcates the sensory cortex from the motor cortex?
a, lateral sulcus
b. central sulcus
c. Insula
d. Angular Gyri
b. Central Sulcus
This is a type of memory of the various details of an integrated thought such as a memory of an important experience
a. reflexive memory
b. long term memory
c. Declarative memory
d. memory sensitization
c. Declarative memory
a. is frequently associated with motor activites of a person’s body
This type of memory is due to high rates of transmitter vesicles released, large number of presynaptic terminals, and different dendritic spines.
a. short-term memory
b. long term memory
c. intermediate memory
d. memory sensitization
b. long term memory
This neurotransmitters id released from a facilitator terminal in response to a noxious stimulus (ie. pain)
a. Dopamine
b. Norepinephrine
c. GABA
d. Serotonin
d. Serotonin
