exam 3

Question 1

Approximately how much of the total cardiac output is received by the kidneys?

a. 25
b. 50
c. 75
d. 100

Answer 1

a. 25

Question 2

a 24 y/o woman presents to the ED with severe diarrhea. When she is supine, her BP is 90/60 mmHg (decreased) and her HR is 100 BPM (increased). When moved to standing her HR increased to 120 BPM. which of the following accounts for the further increase in HR upon standing?

a. decreased total peripheral resistance
b. increased vasoconstriction
c. increased afterload
d. decreased venous return

Answer 2

d. Decreased venous return

Question 3

How much plasma is filtered by the kindeys per minute?

Answer 3

120 mL/min

625 mL/min flow through the kidney but only 20% gets filters so that’s 625 *0.2 = 125

Question 4

Which of the following properties is a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended?

a. elastance
b. compliance
c. resistance
d. distensibility

Answer 4

b. compliance

Question 5

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is formed in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. It is secreted by specialized neurons from which of the following areas?

a. adrenal cortex
b. adrenal medulla
c. anterior pituitary
d. posterior pituitary

Answer 5

d. posterior pituitary

Question 6

Which of the following, in liters/day represents the GFR in the average adult human?

a. 3
b. 125
c. 180
d. 360

Answer 6

c. 180

Question 7

An increase in which of the following factors will result in a decrease in glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

a. arterial pressure

b, Afferent arteriolar resistance

c, Efferent arteriolar resistance

d, Both b and c

e, All the above

Answer 7

b, Afferent arteriolar resistance - less going in so yes decrease

arterial pressure - would increase cuz have a higher pressure going into glomeruli

Efferent arteriolar resistance - if increase back up blood in glomerulus so it would increase

Question 8

Almost 90% of glucose reabsorption occurs in the early proximal tubule, which of the following mechanisms is responsible for moving glucose from the tubular lumen into the cytoplasmic compartment?

a. Primary active transport via a glucose ATPase pump
b. Secondary active transport via a NA/glut cotransporter
c. Secondary Active Transport via Na/glut antiporter
d. Diffusion due to concentration difference between tubular fluid and cytoplasm

Answer 8

b. Secondary active transport via a NA/glut cotransporter

Question 9

Most K+ reabsorption occurs at which of the following sites?

a. Ascending loop of Henle
b. Distal convoluted tubule
c. Proximal convoluted tubule
d. Collecting duct

Answer 9

c. Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 10

Which of the following cells play a major role in the secretion of K?

a. Intercalated cells
b. Principal cells
c. Chief cells
d. Podocytes

Answer 10

b. Principal cells

Question 11

Which of the following plays a major role in stimulating K excretion by the kidney tubules?

a. Aldosterone
b. Angiotensin II
c. Sodium ion
d. PTH

Answer 11

a. Aldosterone

Angiotensin II - relationship to Na

Sodium ion - not direct!

Question 12

Approx. how much of the body’s supply of Ca2+ is stored in the bone?

a. 1%
b. 47%
c. 78%
d. 99%

Answer 12

d. 99%

Question 13

How much of filtered Ca is excreted by the kidneys?

a. 1%
b. 47%
c. 78%
d. 99%

Answer 13

a. 1%

Question 14

Which of the following cells reabsorb K+ during K+ depletion?

a. intercalated cells
b. Principal cells
c. Chief cells
d. Podocytes

Answer 14

a. intercalated cells

Question 15

A high K intake would have which of the following effects on K excretion associated with increased renal tubular flow rate?

a. K excretion would increase with increased tubular flow rate
b. K excretion would decrease with increases tubular flow rate
c. There would be little effect
d. Tubular flow rate would be decreased

Answer 15

a. K excretion would increase with increased tubular flow rate

Question 16

Which of the following describes a valid change in K distribution due to an acid-base abnormality?

a. metabolic acidosis decrease extracellular K+ concentration
b. Metabolic alkalosis increase extracellular K+ concentration
c. Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K+ concentration
d. Both A and B are valid

Answer 16

c. Metabolic acidosis increases extracellular K+ concentration

Question 17

Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering renal tubular fluid?

a. Phosphate buffer system
b. Carbonate buffer system
c. Bicarbonate buffer system
d. Hemoglobin buffer system

Answer 17

a. Phosphate buffer system

it’s important for buffering renal fluid the optimal capability is right near the pH

Question 18

Compounds that dissociate incompletely into hydrogen ions and a conjugate base are members of which of the following compounds?

a. Strong acids
b. Weak acids
c. Strong bases
d. Weak bases

Answer 18

b. Weak acids

Question 19

The bicarbonate buffer system consists of a bicarbonate salt and which of the following?

a. Weak acid
b. Strong acid
c. Weak base
d. Strong base

Answer 19

a. weak acid

Question 20

Which of the following is the most important buffer system of the extracellular fluid?

a. bicarbonate buffer system
b. Phosphate buffer system
c. Hemoglobin buffer system
d. Carbonate buffer system

Answer 20

a. bicarbonate buffer system

Question 21

Primary active hydrogen secretion involve a hydrogen-transporting ATPase. It occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubules?

a. Descending limb of Henle
b. Ascending limb of Henle
c. Late distal tubules in intercalated cells
d. Early collecting tubules in principle cells

Answer 21

c. Late distal tubules in intercalated cells

Question 22

Most bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

a. Proximal tubule
b. Descending limb of Henle
c. Ascending limb of Henle
d. Distal tubule

Answer 22

a. Proximal tubule

Question 23

Which of the following occurs when a decrease in bicarbonate ion results in a decrease in the ratio of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid?

a. respiratory acidosis
b. respiratory alkalosis
c. Metabolic acidosis
d. Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 23

c. Metabolic acidosis

because the change is due to the change in bicarbonate ion

Question 24

Respiratory alkalosis due to a decrease in co2 concentration caused by hyperventilation is compensated for my which of the following mechanisms?

a. Increased ventilation rate
b. Decreased ventilation rate
c. Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion
d. Renal addition of new bicarbonate ion to extracellular fluid

Answer 24

c. Renal excretion of bicarbonate ion

Question 25

The thin descending loop of Henle is highly permeable to which of the following?

a. Sodium
b. Water
c. Urea
d. Amino acids

–>

Answer 25

b. Water

Question 26

Aldosterone is an important regulator of Na reabsorption and K secretion; one of its main targets is …?

a. Podocytes
b. Principal cells
c. Intercalated cells
d. Cells of macula densa

Answer 26

b. Principal cells

Question 27

The macula densa is found in which of the following parts of the renal tubule?

a. Proximal convoluted tubule
b. Thin descending limb of Henle
c. Thick ascending limb of Henle
d. Distal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

d. Distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

Which of the following would be a result of increased levels of angiotensin II?

a. increased vasodilation
b. increased vasoconstriction

Answer 28

b. increased vasoconstriction

Question 29

True A or false B: acidosis occurs when the ratio of bicarbonate ion to CO2 in the extracellular fluid decreases. When this change is due to a decrease in bicarbonate ion, it is called respiratory acidosis

A. True

B. False

Answer 29

B. False

It would be called metabolic acidosis!

Question 30

The volume by which the lungs and thorax increase for each unit of pressure change in the transpulmonary pressure is referred to as:

a. Tidal volume
b. Inspiratory pressure
c. Compliance
d. Transpulmonary volume
e. Elasticity

Answer 30

c. compliance

Question 31

During heavy exercise blood flow through the lungs increases four to seven time that at rest. This increase is due to which of the following

a. Increase in the # of open capillaries up to 3x normal
b. Distension of capillaries and a doubling in the flow rate
c. Increase in pulmonary arterial pressure
d. All the above
e. A and b only

Answer 31

D. all of the above

Question 32

The Va/Q ratio is 0 under which of the following conditions

a. Va = infinity but Q =1
b. Va = infinity but Q = 0
c. Va = 0 but perfusion > 0
d. Va> 0 but Q = 0

Answer 32

c. Va = 0 but perfusion > 0

Question 33

According to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, an increase in blood partial oxygen pressure will have which of the following effect?

a. A decrease in bound oxygen
b. Increase in bound oxygen
c. No change in bound oxygen
d. There is no correlation between the 2 variable

Answer 33

b. Increase in bound oxygen

Question 34

Reduction of blood flow to a portion of the lung has which of the following effect?

a. Alveolar pCO2 is lowered, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung
b. Alveolar pCO2 is elevated resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung
c. Alveolar pCo2 is lowered resulting in a dilation of the bronchi supplying that portion of the ling
d. Alveolar pCO2 is elevated resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung

Answer 34

a. Alveolar pCO2 is lowered, resulting in a constriction of the bronchi supplying that portion of the lung

Question 35

One gram of hemoglobin can bind to how much oxygen?

a. 19.4 ml oxygen that’s a multiple of this!
b. 15.4 ml oxygen
c. 3.25ml oxygen
d. 1.34 ml oxygen

Answer 35

d. 1.34 ml oxygen

Question 36

Which of the following properties is a measure of the ease with which a hollow viscus may be distended?

a. elastance
b. compliance
c. resistance
d. Diistensibility

Answer 36

B. Compliance

Answer 43

true