Sem 2 - Endo

Question 1

C cells of the parathyroid are of which type?

Answer 1

neuroendocrine

Question 2

C cells gives rise to which type of tumours

Answer 2

Neuroendoncrine + epithelial

Question 3

What type of epithelium normally lines the thyroid follicles?

Answer 3

simple cuboidal

Question 4

What is the colour of the cut surface of the normal thyroid gland?

Answer 4

pale brownish red

Question 5

What change (or changes) do the follicular cells of the diseased gland demonstrate in hyperthyroidism

Answer 5

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 6

what will a grave’s gland look like macroscopically

Answer 6

diffusely enlarged and redder

Question 7

most common cause of hypothyroidism in Australia?

Answer 7

Hashimotos

Question 8

describe 4 histological abnormalities in Hashimoto’s

Answer 8

Germinal centres, Chronic inflammation infiltrate (lymphocytes and plasma cells), reduction in follicles, fibrosis

Question 9

macroscopic appearance of a hashimoto’s thyroid?

Answer 9

diffusely enlarged and paler (lack of colloid + inflammatory cell infiltrate)

Question 10

enlarged thyroid without symptoms?

Answer 10

multinodular goitre

Question 11

describe moltinodular goitre histologically (4)

Answer 11

Follicles - large variation in size.
Fibrosis
Cholesterol Crystals
Haemosiderin Macrophages

Question 12

in a MNG what s believed to be the underlying cause of these pathologic changes in regions where iodine deficiency is not endemic e.g. Australia?

Answer 12

Dietary goitrogens and subclinical abnormalities in thyroid hormone production

Question 13

what are the retinal changes caused by in diabetes?

Answer 13

microangiopathy

Question 14

what causes foot ulcers in diabetics (4)?

Answer 14

recurrent trauma as the patient’s sensation is frequently poor due to peripheral neuropathy.
Healing is impaired due to poor blood flow as a result of atherosclerotic narrowing of supplying arteries and probably also diabetic microangiopathy

Question 15

common glomerulus sign in diabetics

Answer 15

nodular lesions (K-W nodule)

Question 16

what can be seen in a renal EM of a diabetic in regard to the Basement membrane? how does this related to proteinurea

Answer 16

thicker.
the thickened glomerular capillary basement membrane is believed to allow more protein to escape into the urine as a result of changes to the charge (less negative) and size of pores in the basement membrane. Remember that both plasma proteins such as albumin and the filtration membrane are negatively charged.

Question 17

describe the differences of a pancreas histologically in type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 17

Amyloid, a pathologic extracellular protein, is frequently seen in the pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes results from immune destruction of beta islet cells in the pancreas - thus a lymphocytic infiltrate is typically seen.

Question 18

Histological features of a Grave’s thyroid (3)?

Answer 18

scalloping of colloid, lymphocytic infiltrate and tall, crowded epithelial cells