Sem 2 - Endo Flashcards
C cells of the parathyroid are of which type?
neuroendocrine
C cells gives rise to which type of tumours
Neuroendoncrine + epithelial
What type of epithelium normally lines the thyroid follicles?
simple cuboidal
What is the colour of the cut surface of the normal thyroid gland?
pale brownish red
What change (or changes) do the follicular cells of the diseased gland demonstrate in hyperthyroidism
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
what will a grave’s gland look like macroscopically
diffusely enlarged and redder
most common cause of hypothyroidism in Australia?
Hashimotos
describe 4 histological abnormalities in Hashimoto’s
Germinal centres, Chronic inflammation infiltrate (lymphocytes and plasma cells), reduction in follicles, fibrosis
macroscopic appearance of a hashimoto’s thyroid?
diffusely enlarged and paler (lack of colloid + inflammatory cell infiltrate)
enlarged thyroid without symptoms?
multinodular goitre
describe moltinodular goitre histologically (4)
Follicles - large variation in size.
Fibrosis
Cholesterol Crystals
Haemosiderin Macrophages
in a MNG what s believed to be the underlying cause of these pathologic changes in regions where iodine deficiency is not endemic e.g. Australia?
Dietary goitrogens and subclinical abnormalities in thyroid hormone production
what are the retinal changes caused by in diabetes?
microangiopathy
what causes foot ulcers in diabetics (4)?
recurrent trauma as the patient’s sensation is frequently poor due to peripheral neuropathy.
Healing is impaired due to poor blood flow as a result of atherosclerotic narrowing of supplying arteries and probably also diabetic microangiopathy
common glomerulus sign in diabetics
nodular lesions (K-W nodule)
what can be seen in a renal EM of a diabetic in regard to the Basement membrane? how does this related to proteinurea
thicker.
the thickened glomerular capillary basement membrane is believed to allow more protein to escape into the urine as a result of changes to the charge (less negative) and size of pores in the basement membrane. Remember that both plasma proteins such as albumin and the filtration membrane are negatively charged.
describe the differences of a pancreas histologically in type 1 and 2 diabetes
Amyloid, a pathologic extracellular protein, is frequently seen in the pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes results from immune destruction of beta islet cells in the pancreas - thus a lymphocytic infiltrate is typically seen.
Histological features of a Grave’s thyroid (3)?
scalloping of colloid, lymphocytic infiltrate and tall, crowded epithelial cells
