Sem 1 - inflammation and healing Flashcards
components of the acute inflammatory response? (4)
- vasodilation with hyperaemia (more blood flow).
- Endothelial activation and increase vascular permeability.
- Neutrophil infiltration
- Macrophage infiltration
components of the acute inflammatory exudate? (3)
neutrophils, fluid and fibrin
An inflammatory exudate characterised by large numbers of neutrophils is known as?
purulent
which abnormal laboratory findings would you most expect in a patient with a florid acute inflammatory disease process? (3) and why?
increase neutrophils.
increase CRP (activates complement system).
increase ESR.
Components of granulations tissue? (7)
fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, capillaries, macrophages and lymphocytes, oedema (at least early - from leaky newly formed capillaries) and some extracellular matrix(more as time progresses).
when is granulation tissue required?
when the injury, infection or acute inflammatory response results in destruction of connective tissue and/or the tissue type is unable to regenerate,
characteristic histologic features of plasma cells? (4)
- amphophilic cytoplasm (takes both up H & E) The 2. Eccentric Nucleus (cytoplasmic machinery pushes the nucleus away from the centre).
- Clockface ( number of nucleoli in nucleus).
- Perinuclear hof (pale area adjacent to the nucleus - well dveloped golgi)
Which cells (name 2) are characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
epithelioid macrophages and multinucleate giant cells.
what is a myeloblast? name 2 features histologically
a unipotent stem cell that can develop to either neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils.
- Large non-segmented nucleus.
- Few cytoplasmic granules
What does the term ‘left shift” or “shift to the left” mean in relation to the appearance of a blood film and why does it occur? (2 marks)
increase in Immature neutrophils released from the bone marrow in response to severe inflammation including severe infection.
What do fibroblasts make?
collagen, elastin and other constituents of extracellular matrix (GAGs)
From what protein is fibrin derived and where is this protein made?
from fibrinogen (by the action of thrombin), made in the liver and circulates as a plasma protein.
In what 2 main processes is fibrin involved?
acute inflammation and in coagulation of blood.
size of a RBC and neutrophil?
RBC 7um. neutrophil 10-14
Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant in blood?
neutrophil
Why are neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils collectively known as granulocytes?
granules in cytoplasm
in lobar pneumonia what differences might you expect to see in the blood vessels compared to normal lung?
dilated and congested
What is the general term given to the combined layer of mesothelial cells and its underlying connective tissue that lines body cavities?
serous membrane or serosa
What specific abnormality would you expect in the white blood cell count in acute inflammation?
neutrophilia
Explain, including relevant cytokines, how this neutrophilia develops. (3 marks)
Cells, predominantly macrophages, in the acute inflammatory response release IL-1, IL-6 and TNF. These circulate systemically and cause the bone marrow to release some of its reserve pool of neutrophils such that more are available for the inflammatory response. In more severe and prolonged acute inflammatory responses it may also increase its production of neutrophils.
How does the morphology of the cells in the germinal centres differ from the surrounding cells? What is happening in a germinal centre? (3 marks)
The cells in the germinal centre are generally larger than the surrounding lymphocytes with more cytoplasm and larger paler nuclei. These cells are B cells that are actively dividing and differentiating into plasma cells.
how long into the healing process will one see granulation tissue?
1-2 weeks
difference b/w healing by primary and secondary intetion
primary: wound edges are brought together.
secondary: edges are not apposed , wound allowed to granulate
lifespan of a neutrophil?
1-3 days
