Self Report Flashcards
Self report?
Ways to obtain data by asking parts to provide info about themselves
Questionnaires ?
Uses written questions either in paper or on computer
Strengths of questionnaires?
+Easy to administer
+Time and cost efficient-can be emailed to parts
+Quantitative Data Easy to analyse
+Parts more truthful if answers are socially sensitive
Weaknesses of questionnaires ?
- Response bias such as always answering ‘no’-invalid results
- New questions cannot be added so no flexibility to collect useful buy unexpected data.
Interviews?
Parts reply verbally to questions asked by an interviewer usually face to face or by telephone
Strengths of interviews?
+structured-data Easy to analyse
+semi structured enables specific and detailed info
+face to face allows flexibility to gain detailed info which is difficult to obtain.
Weaknesses of interviews?
- Structured-limited by fixed questions.
- Interviewer bias-expectations of interviewer can affect the way they ask questions thus unconsciously affecting parts answers or the way in which responses are interpreted.
Structured interviews?
Predominantly closed questions in fixed order.
Questions likely to be scripted so standerdised
Semi structured interview?
Uses fixed list to open and close questions, interviewer can introduce additional questions if required
Unstructured interview?
Generally begins with standard questions, questions then depends on repondants answers
Rating scale ?
Numerical scale on which parts can indicate the extent or strength of some measure
Strengths of rating scale?
+Easy for parts to respond-large amount collected quickly-data reliable.
+quantitative data easy to analyse
+can be tested for reliability (test-retest)
Weaknesses of rating scale?
- lack of detail-Low validity
- Respond bias-consistently giving answers in the middle.
Likert scale?
Measures attitudes using a statement to which parts respond by saying how much they agree with it
Eg; strongly agree, agree, don’t know, disagree, strongly disagree
Why are statements reversed ?
To prevent parts from developing a ‘response set’ eg always agreeing
What does reverse scoring do?
Ensures that similar, ‘positive’ or socially acceptable statements are neither always associated with agreement nor always at the same side of the page
Avoids bias the the way parts responds
Strengths of likert scale ?
Same strengths as rating scale.
+allows measurements of more complex attitudes
+validity improved by reversing to reduce response bias
Weaknesses of likert scale ?
Same weakness as rating scale.
-meaning of middle value is ambiguous so could indicate no opinion or undecided
What’s semantic differentials ?
Parts rates their response between an opposing pair of descriptive words (Eg; weak and strong)-bipolar objectives
Used to test the meanings that parts associated with a concept
Closed questions?
Gives parts little choice and requires one of a small number of alternative answers (Eg; ticking boxes)
Strengths of closed questions?
-Easy to respond to-large amount collected quickly-reliable
+quantitative data
Weaknesses of closed questions?
- parts can’t express opinions fully -Low validity
- risk of response bias
Open questions?
Does not require a fixed response and gives parts chance to offer an external answer
Strengths of open questions?
+Qualitative Data-express opinions fully-increase validity
+analysis retains details of para So info such as variation in responses isn’t lost through averaging
Reliability?
Test/Measure must be consistent; produce similar results when replicated.
External reliability ?
Consistency
What’s test retest ?
Measure of reliability that uses the same test twice-2 sets of scores are correlated- high correlation suggests good reliability
Internal reliability
Consistency of items within the measure itself (ie;Questions)
Split half assessment ?
Measure of internal reliability in which scores from 2 halves of a test are compared.
Inter rater reliability?
Consistency and standardised (interview in standardised ways and interpret response to open questions consistently)
