Self Regulation Perspective Flashcards
what is attitude?
personal evaluation of the likely outcome of an action + the desirability of that outcome
what are subjective norms?
impression of how relevant others value an action + your interest in pleasing them
link between cognition + behaviour?
when we think about what we want, look at likely outcome of action.
- more successful = more likely to set goal + achieve.
two types of intentions?
goal intention
implementation intention
what is goal intention?
the intention to attain some particular outcome
what is implementation intention?
intention to take specific actions in specific contexts
why intentions are good?
- help organize, accomplish goals
2. situational cues: facilitate goal-directed activity
motivations in freud + maslow/rogers?
F: aggressive + sexual motives
M/R: self-actualization.
three elements of motivation?
- goal : end that is desired
- strategies: means to achieve goal
- goals drive behaviour:
what are explicit goals?
those you can talk about + willingly describe
- can be measured
what are implicit goals?
those that people may not realize they have.
- can be measured with projective tests
happiness in terms of goals?
need progress toward implicit + explicit to lead to happiness
what are specific goals?
immediate, represent something intended to be accomplished soon
what are general goals?
tend to be long-term
goals arranged hierarchically - why?
to reach l-t goal, may try to achieve many s-t goals along the way
- when well-organized, life is mooth with clear purpose
what are idiographic goals?
unique to the individuals who pursue them
current concerns:
ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned.
what are personal projects?
another kind of idiographic goal
- what people do, made up of efforts people put into goals
- organizing goals that people pursue at particular times of their lives
what are personal strivings?
long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a person’s life
- can provide useful insights into what person is like
- can be source of difficulty
properties + limitations of idiographic goals?
- held consciously at least sometimes
- describe thoughts + behaviours aimed at fairly specific outcomes
- changeable over time
- assumed to function independently *
what are nomothetic goals?
- relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues.
3 primary motivations drive human behaviour?
- need for achievement
- need for affiliation
- need for power
what are judgement goals?
seeking to judge/validate an attribute in oneself
what are development goals?
desire to actually improve oneself
how are development goals + judgement goals different?
produce different reactions to failure
- D: responds to failure with mastery-oriented pattern [try harder]
judgement goal responds to failure with helpless pattern [ shut down]
Dweck’s different implicit theories
- entity + incremental
entity: personal qualities are unchangeable - respond helplessly
incremental theories: intelligence + ability can change with time + experience; goals involve proving competence + increasing it.
children - incremental vs entity theorists STUDY
if told they’re really smart vs told they tried really hard
- smart = reluctant to face challenge
- tried hard = eager to try more.
incremental theorists do better in the face of failure that entity theorists
how goals change across the lifespan?
- young = prep for future
- older adults = focus on emotionally meaningful
- may be effect about perceptions of time = more time left, more prep.*
what are scripts?
“strategies” sequence of activities that progress toward a goal
optimism vs pessimism?
O: assume the best will happen, confidence.
P: assume the worst is likely to happen, doubt.
Norem + O vs defensive pessimism
O: deal with anxiety about exams by expecting to do their best
DP: expect the worst, to be pleasantly surprised.
- succeed equally in coping with anxiety + performing, but O more satisfied with life.
- *if not allowed to use own anxiety management tool = worse results.
Defensive Pessimism - how do they manage anxiety?
reflect on all possible outcomes, anticipate them + compensate for them if they should occur.
how do strategic optimists manage anxiety
maintain (+) outlook, dont think about (-).
- thinking about things that could go wrong impairs performance.
emotion as procedural knowledge
bc cannot be learned or fully expressed through words
what is an emotion?
set of mental + physical procedures, something you do =/= set of concepts or a passive experience
4 stages of emotional experience?
- appraisal
- physical responses
- facial expressions (+ nonverbal behaviour)
- motivation
* no specific sequence, or separation of stages
6 core emotions?
happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust
3 categories of emotions?
negative, positive, neutral
stimulus, response, adaptive function of anger?
S: threat, trespass
R: threaten, attack
F: protect territory, resources, mates
stimulus, responses, function of guilt?
S: harm to others that violates social code
R: apologize, make amends
F: obtain forgiveness from offended party + re-entry into social group
stimulus, response, adaptive function of anxiety
S: possibility of harm, danger
R: worry, flee
F: anticipate danger, escape harm
stimulus, response, adaptive function of sadness
S: loss
R: sad facial expression, crying
F: receive support from others, disengage from loss
stimulus, response, function of hope?
s: possibility of future gain
R: continue effort, maintain commitment
F: perseverance in the face of obstacles
personal = emotional experience
no two ppl ever feel things exactly the same way, and these individual differences are core aspects of personality
- ppl differ in emotions experienced, the ones they WANT to experience, how STRONGLY they experience, how Frequently they change + how well they understand + control emotions
what is affect intensity?
more intense emotional feeling.
risk factor for bad outcomes in life
what is emotional intelligence?
accurately trying to perceive emotions in self + others.
controlling + regulating emotion
what is alexithymic?
people who have low emotional intelligence, little emotional awareness. dont talk about their emotions well.
pros of self-regulation perspective?
- insight as to how ppl approach goals + try to accomplish these goals
cons of self-regulation perspective?
tells us more about how we regulate behaviour than about one’s personality.
- too far removed
