Self-regulation Perspective Flashcards
How does attitude influence how we transition from
cognition —> behaviour?
It’s a PERSONAL evaluation of the…
1. LIKELY outcome of an ACTION
2. DESIRABILITY of that OUTCOME
How does subjective norms influence how we transition from
cognition —> behaviour?
It’s your IMPRESSION on how relevant others…
1. VALUE an ACTION
2. Your INTEREST in PLEASING them
What are the two kinds of intentions?
- GOAL intention:
- intention to ATTAIN some PARTICULAR outcome - IMPLEMENTATION intention:
- intention to take SPECIFIC actions in SPECIFIC contexts
“___________” goals are unique to the individuals that pursue them
Idiographic
What are the 3 aspects involved in idiographic goals?
- Current concerns:
- ongoing MOTIVATION that persists in mind until goal ATTAINED/ABANDONED - Personal projects:
- what ppl DO
- made up of EFFORTS ppl put into GOAL
- similar to LIFE TASKS - Personal strivings:
- LONG-TERM goals that can organize BROAD areas of life
What are 4 properties/limitations of idiographic goals?
- Held CONSCIOUSLY some of the time
- DESCRIBE thoughts & behaviours AIMED at SPECIFIC outcomes
- CHANGEABLE over TIME
- Assumed to fxn INDEPENDENTLY
Idiographic goals are assumed to be”fxn independently”…
What does this mean?
They can organize THOUGHT & BEHAVIOUR
BUT…
= NOT THEORETICALLY ORGANIZED THEMSELF
“___________” goals refer to the relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
Nomothetic
What are the 3 primary motivations in nomothetic goals that drive human behaviour?
“_________” suggests that “______” goals fall into these categories, but not all
- NEED for ACHIEVEMENT
- NEED for AFFILIATION (intimacy)
- NEED for POWER
————————————————————-
Research; many
“_________” goals are seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself
judgement
“____________” goals is the desire to actually improve oneself
Development
Why are development goals and judgement goals so important to each-other?
Because they produce DIFFERENT RXNS to FAILURE
Development goals respond to failure with a…
= MASTERY-ORIENTED PATTERN
Judgment goals respond to failure with a…
= HELPLESS PATTERN
What is entity theory according to Carol Dweck?
Believe that PERSONAL qualities are UNCHANGEABLE
Leads them to respond HELPLESSLY to any indication they DO NOT have what it TAKES
What is incremental theory according to Carol Dweck?
Believe that INTELLIGENCE & ABILITY can CHANGE w/ TIME & EXPERIENCE
Goals involve not only PROVING COMPETENCE but INCREASING it
What is a “script”?
Why are they important?
Give an example…
Scripts can be thought as STRATEGIES (sequence of activities that PROGRESS towards a goal)
Many strategies are BROAD & help us pursue many IMPORTANT GOALS in life
Ex) waiting in line at Timmie’s or McD’s- you have a “script” on knowing how you order food
If many strategies are broad and help us pursue important goals…
What are the 2 different ways we can pursue these goals?
- Optimistic strategy:
- assume that the BEST will happen
- about CONFIDENCE
- (+) outlook on life
- research is possibly biased towards this approach and favours it - Pessimistic strategy:
- assume the WORST is likely to happen
- about DOUBT
- can be used to drive towards a goal = to AVOID FAILURE
What is defensive pessimism according to Julie Norem?
Defensive pessimists EXPECT the WORST so they can be PLEASANTLY SURPRISED when the WORST does NOT happen
Typically used by MORE ANXIOUS individuals to MANAGE stress in a constructive way
Lots of MENTAL ENERGY is used on this (time consuming)
What are strategic optimism according to Julie Norem?
Strategic optimists deal w/ ANXIETY about exams by EXPECTING to do their BEST
Typically used by NON-ANXIOUS individuals
Set HIGH EXPECTATIONS for themselves
Try to maintain (+) OUTLOOK (ignore the (–))
Both “__________” pessimists and “__________” optimists seem to “_______” equally in coping w/ anxiety & performing well on exams
BUT…
“__________” seem to enjoy life more
Defensive; strategic
Succeed
———————————————
Optimists
Why is it important for research to study both strategic optimism & defensive pessimism?
Since they both relatively give good performance in the end…
If researchers DID NOT differentiate these processes, we would NOT know that they BOTH exist and they BOTH work
True or false. You can force a defensive pessimist to change to a strategic optimist strategy and it will work (& vise versa)
False
Forcing someone to CHANGE strategies might be COUNTERACTIVE towards a person
They CHOSE that strategy and that’s what works for THEM
Research shows that if the emotional process is COMPROMISED = social situations go ARY
Emotion can be considered a type of “___________” knowledge?
What does this mean?
Procedural
This CANNOT be learned or fully expressed through words
= BUT only through ACTION & EXPERIENCE
Emotion is also a set of “________” & “__________” procedures
What does this mean?
Give an example
Mental; physical
Has to be be something YOU DO
NOT merely a set of concepts or passive experience
= QUALIFIES as a PERSONALITY PROCESS
Ex) the emotion anger may raise HR, BP, and you can have a red face, thoughts consumed, make plan to get even…
= ALL while you might NOT notice you are actually FEELING this emotion
Emotion can be described as the “______” of experience being human
Core
What are the stages of emotional experience?
Give examples for the emotional process of the emotion JOY at each stage
- Appraisal (ex. Received great news)
- Physical responses (ex. Jump for joy)
- Facial expressions, paired w/ nonverbal behaviour (ex. Smile/laugh)
- Motivation (ex. Might call parents & spread this joy)
What is a super important aspect about the stages of emotional experience?
The stages DO NOT have to happen SEPERATELY or in a PARTICULAR ORDER
Ex) physical/emotional behaviour may come first
Appraisal does NOT need to come first
Famously, Zion once said what about the process of emotional experience?
This was ultimately “_________” and has never been settled
“Preferences need NO inferences”
That appraisal does NOT need to come first in the process of emotional experience
What are the 6 core emotions that have the same meaning and means of expression around the world/cultures?
- Happiness
- Sadness
- Anger
- Fear
- Surprise
- Disgust
Another way to categorize emotions is to try and find the essential worlds for emotions in a given language…
After a study done with 590 terms what are the “big three” terms of emotion?
Almost all terms were:
- Negative (-)
- Positive (+)
- Neutral
Why is emotion important according to the evolutionary perspective?
Evolutionarily we wanted to PROTECT and assure the SAFETY of our land & resources
Ex) if we had a trespasser on our land
Our emotions (anger) could make our face red and we shake our fist..
= trespasser may RUN AWAY b/c they realized we felt anger
= being able to communicate like this evolutionary speaking helped us AVOID CONFLICT
What happened in the youtube video “Ekmans study of emotion”?
Face/emotions is our SENSE of IDENTITY
1st study:
- studied North Americans and their emotional facial expressions
VS
2nd study:
- studied New Guinea Indigenous tribes
- had NO experience to other humans
= FOUND many of the same facial expressions that North Americans have, such as happiness (smiling) in the New Guinea tribe
= EMOTIONS INNATE & UNIVERSAL TO SOME EXTENT?
What happened in the youtube video “Science today- facial expressions”?
Q: Are emotions learned or innate?
HARD to study in a lab due to it being UNNATURAL & INACCURATE
So they studied at Paralympic Games (blind athletes)
= FOUND sad & happy facial expressions when winning/losing etc…
= there is NO WAY they could of LEARNED this since they are BLIND
= EMOTIONS INNATE & UNIVERSAL?
Emotional experience is “________, _________ & __________”
What does this mean?
Personal; unique; idiosyncratic
NO two people experience things EXACTLY the same way
These INDIV DIFFERENCES are the CORE aspects of PERSONALITY
What are 4 ways people differ in the emotions they experience?
- Which ones they WANT to EXPERIENCE
- How STRONGLY they EXPERIENCE them
- How FREQUENTLY they CHANGE them
- How well they UNDERSTAND & CONTROL them
What does it mean when someone has “affect intensity” VS “alexithymia”?
Affect intensity:
- tends to experience emotions more INTENSELY
- high & constant physiological AROUSAL
- POTENTIAL bad outcomes (not all)
Alexithymia:
- actually a condition
- emotional BLINDNESS (little emotional awareness)
- INABILITY to identify & describe emotions
Is there a benefit to experiencing stable and consistent emotions?
Yes
Individuals that feel consistent (+) emotions are more happy, peppy and may have HEALTH BENEFITS
VS…
Individuals that feel consistent (-) emotions over time may have increased CANCER RISK and other health risks
Give two examples on how individuals experience emotions differently?
Ex) some people think ANGER is GOOD, so they SEEK this out
Ex) some people strongly DISLIKE FEAR, so they TRY to AVOID this
= EMOTIONS STRONGLY DEPEND ON THE PERSONS PERSONALITY
What happened in the youtube video “Professor Dweck- The power of believing you can improve”?
There’s POWER in the term of ”not yet”
Study involved giving 10yr olds too hard of Q’s
1st group:
- understood abilities can be IMPROVED
- showed LOTS of brain activity
= GROWTH MINDSET (“yet”)
2nd group:
- thought they were DOOMED
- showed LITTLE brain activity
= FIXED MINSET (“now”)
= too fixated on doing well?
= We need to STRUGGLE MORE (to an extent) as this INCREASES neurons in our brain & encourages the GROWTH MINDSET
What is emotional intelligence (EI)?
How ACCURATELY we PERCEIVE emotions in ONESELF & OTHERS
How we CONTROL & REGULATE these emotions
We VARY in how much KNOWLEDGE we HAVE & CAN use
