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PSYCH 333 - Personality Theory > Self-regulation Perspective > Flashcards

Self-regulation Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

How does attitude influence how we transition from
cognition —> behaviour?

A

It’s a PERSONAL evaluation of the…
1. LIKELY outcome of an ACTION
2. DESIRABILITY of that OUTCOME

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2
Q

How does subjective norms influence how we transition from
cognition —> behaviour?

A

It’s your IMPRESSION on how relevant others…
1. VALUE an ACTION
2. Your INTEREST in PLEASING them

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3
Q

What are the two kinds of intentions?

A
  1. GOAL intention:
    - intention to ATTAIN some PARTICULAR outcome
  2. IMPLEMENTATION intention:
    - intention to take SPECIFIC actions in SPECIFIC contexts
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4
Q

“___________” goals are unique to the individuals that pursue them

A

Idiographic

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5
Q

What are the 3 aspects involved in idiographic goals?

A
  1. Current concerns:
    - ongoing MOTIVATION that persists in mind until goal ATTAINED/ABANDONED
  2. Personal projects:
    - what ppl DO
    - made up of EFFORTS ppl put into GOAL
    - similar to LIFE TASKS
  3. Personal strivings:
    - LONG-TERM goals that can organize BROAD areas of life
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6
Q

What are 4 properties/limitations of idiographic goals?

A
  1. Held CONSCIOUSLY some of the time
  2. DESCRIBE thoughts & behaviours AIMED at SPECIFIC outcomes
  3. CHANGEABLE over TIME
  4. Assumed to fxn INDEPENDENTLY
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7
Q

Idiographic goals are assumed to be”fxn independently”…

What does this mean?

A

They can organize THOUGHT & BEHAVIOUR

BUT…

= NOT THEORETICALLY ORGANIZED THEMSELF

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8
Q

“___________” goals refer to the relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

A

Nomothetic

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9
Q

What are the 3 primary motivations in nomothetic goals that drive human behaviour?

“_________” suggests that “______” goals fall into these categories, but not all

A
  1. NEED for ACHIEVEMENT
  2. NEED for AFFILIATION (intimacy)
  3. NEED for POWER
    ————————————————————-

Research; many

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10
Q

“_________” goals are seeking to judge or validate an attribute in oneself

A

judgement

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11
Q

“____________” goals is the desire to actually improve oneself

A

Development

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12
Q

Why are development goals and judgement goals so important to each-other?

A

Because they produce DIFFERENT RXNS to FAILURE

Development goals respond to failure with a…
= MASTERY-ORIENTED PATTERN

Judgment goals respond to failure with a…
= HELPLESS PATTERN

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13
Q

What is entity theory according to Carol Dweck?

A

Believe that PERSONAL qualities are UNCHANGEABLE

Leads them to respond HELPLESSLY to any indication they DO NOT have what it TAKES

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14
Q

What is incremental theory according to Carol Dweck?

A

Believe that INTELLIGENCE & ABILITY can CHANGE w/ TIME & EXPERIENCE

Goals involve not only PROVING COMPETENCE but INCREASING it

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15
Q

What is a “script”?

Why are they important?

Give an example…

A

Scripts can be thought as STRATEGIES (sequence of activities that PROGRESS towards a goal)

Many strategies are BROAD & help us pursue many IMPORTANT GOALS in life

Ex) waiting in line at Timmie’s or McD’s- you have a “script” on knowing how you order food

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16
Q

If many strategies are broad and help us pursue important goals…

What are the 2 different ways we can pursue these goals?

A
  1. Optimistic strategy:
    - assume that the BEST will happen
    - about CONFIDENCE
    - (+) outlook on life
    - research is possibly biased towards this approach and favours it
  2. Pessimistic strategy:
    - assume the WORST is likely to happen
    - about DOUBT
    - can be used to drive towards a goal = to AVOID FAILURE
17
Q

What is defensive pessimism according to Julie Norem?

A

Defensive pessimists EXPECT the WORST so they can be PLEASANTLY SURPRISED when the WORST does NOT happen

Typically used by MORE ANXIOUS individuals to MANAGE stress in a constructive way

Lots of MENTAL ENERGY is used on this (time consuming)

18
Q

What are strategic optimism according to Julie Norem?

A

Strategic optimists deal w/ ANXIETY about exams by EXPECTING to do their BEST

Typically used by NON-ANXIOUS individuals

Set HIGH EXPECTATIONS for themselves

Try to maintain (+) OUTLOOK (ignore the (–))

19
Q

Both “__________” pessimists and “__________” optimists seem to “_______” equally in coping w/ anxiety & performing well on exams

BUT…

“__________” seem to enjoy life more

A

Defensive; strategic

Succeed
———————————————

Optimists

20
Q

Why is it important for research to study both strategic optimism & defensive pessimism?

A

Since they both relatively give good performance in the end…

If researchers DID NOT differentiate these processes, we would NOT know that they BOTH exist and they BOTH work

21
Q

True or false. You can force a defensive pessimist to change to a strategic optimist strategy and it will work (& vise versa)

A

False

Forcing someone to CHANGE strategies might be COUNTERACTIVE towards a person

They CHOSE that strategy and that’s what works for THEM

Research shows that if the emotional process is COMPROMISED = social situations go ARY

22
Q

Emotion can be considered a type of “___________” knowledge?

What does this mean?

A

Procedural

This CANNOT be learned or fully expressed through words

= BUT only through ACTION & EXPERIENCE

23
Q

Emotion is also a set of “________” & “__________” procedures

What does this mean?

Give an example

A

Mental; physical

Has to be be something YOU DO

NOT merely a set of concepts or passive experience

= QUALIFIES as a PERSONALITY PROCESS

Ex) the emotion anger may raise HR, BP, and you can have a red face, thoughts consumed, make plan to get even…
= ALL while you might NOT notice you are actually FEELING this emotion

24
Q

Emotion can be described as the “______” of experience being human

A

Core

25
Q

What are the stages of emotional experience?

Give examples for the emotional process of the emotion JOY at each stage

A
  1. Appraisal (ex. Received great news)
  2. Physical responses (ex. Jump for joy)
  3. Facial expressions, paired w/ nonverbal behaviour (ex. Smile/laugh)
  4. Motivation (ex. Might call parents & spread this joy)
26
Q

What is a super important aspect about the stages of emotional experience?

A

The stages DO NOT have to happen SEPERATELY or in a PARTICULAR ORDER

Ex) physical/emotional behaviour may come first
Appraisal does NOT need to come first

27
Q

Famously, Zion once said what about the process of emotional experience?

This was ultimately “_________” and has never been settled

A

“Preferences need NO inferences”

That appraisal does NOT need to come first in the process of emotional experience

28
Q

What are the 6 core emotions that have the same meaning and means of expression around the world/cultures?

A
  1. Happiness
  2. Sadness
  3. Anger
  4. Fear
  5. Surprise
  6. Disgust
29
Q

Another way to categorize emotions is to try and find the essential worlds for emotions in a given language…

After a study done with 590 terms what are the “big three” terms of emotion?

A

Almost all terms were:

  1. Negative (-)
  2. Positive (+)
  3. Neutral
30
Q

Why is emotion important according to the evolutionary perspective?

A

Evolutionarily we wanted to PROTECT and assure the SAFETY of our land & resources

Ex) if we had a trespasser on our land
Our emotions (anger) could make our face red and we shake our fist..
= trespasser may RUN AWAY b/c they realized we felt anger
= being able to communicate like this evolutionary speaking helped us AVOID CONFLICT

31
Q

What happened in the youtube video “Ekmans study of emotion”?

A

Face/emotions is our SENSE of IDENTITY

1st study:
- studied North Americans and their emotional facial expressions
VS
2nd study:
- studied New Guinea Indigenous tribes
- had NO experience to other humans

= FOUND many of the same facial expressions that North Americans have, such as happiness (smiling) in the New Guinea tribe

= EMOTIONS INNATE & UNIVERSAL TO SOME EXTENT?

32
Q

What happened in the youtube video “Science today- facial expressions”?

A

Q: Are emotions learned or innate?

HARD to study in a lab due to it being UNNATURAL & INACCURATE

So they studied at Paralympic Games (blind athletes)

= FOUND sad & happy facial expressions when winning/losing etc…

= there is NO WAY they could of LEARNED this since they are BLIND

= EMOTIONS INNATE & UNIVERSAL?

33
Q

Emotional experience is “________, _________ & __________”

What does this mean?

A

Personal; unique; idiosyncratic

NO two people experience things EXACTLY the same way

These INDIV DIFFERENCES are the CORE aspects of PERSONALITY

34
Q

What are 4 ways people differ in the emotions they experience?

A
  1. Which ones they WANT to EXPERIENCE
  2. How STRONGLY they EXPERIENCE them
  3. How FREQUENTLY they CHANGE them
  4. How well they UNDERSTAND & CONTROL them
35
Q

What does it mean when someone has “affect intensity” VS “alexithymia”?

A

Affect intensity:
- tends to experience emotions more INTENSELY
- high & constant physiological AROUSAL
- POTENTIAL bad outcomes (not all)

Alexithymia:
- actually a condition
- emotional BLINDNESS (little emotional awareness)
- INABILITY to identify & describe emotions

36
Q

Is there a benefit to experiencing stable and consistent emotions?

A

Yes

Individuals that feel consistent (+) emotions are more happy, peppy and may have HEALTH BENEFITS

VS…

Individuals that feel consistent (-) emotions over time may have increased CANCER RISK and other health risks

37
Q

Give two examples on how individuals experience emotions differently?

A

Ex) some people think ANGER is GOOD, so they SEEK this out

Ex) some people strongly DISLIKE FEAR, so they TRY to AVOID this

= EMOTIONS STRONGLY DEPEND ON THE PERSONS PERSONALITY

38
Q

What happened in the youtube video “Professor Dweck- The power of believing you can improve”?

A

There’s POWER in the term of ”not yet”

Study involved giving 10yr olds too hard of Q’s

1st group:
- understood abilities can be IMPROVED
- showed LOTS of brain activity
= GROWTH MINDSET (“yet”)

2nd group:
- thought they were DOOMED
- showed LITTLE brain activity
= FIXED MINSET (“now”)
= too fixated on doing well?

= We need to STRUGGLE MORE (to an extent) as this INCREASES neurons in our brain & encourages the GROWTH MINDSET

39
Q

What is emotional intelligence (EI)?

A

How ACCURATELY we PERCEIVE emotions in ONESELF & OTHERS

How we CONTROL & REGULATE these emotions

We VARY in how much KNOWLEDGE we HAVE & CAN use

PSYCH 333 - Personality Theory (11 decks)

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