Psychoanalytic Perspective Flashcards
The psychoanalytic perspective has “__________,” and is maybe even viewed as “________”
What did Freud argue?
Controversy; dangerous
Argued ppl didn’t like the ideas of Copernicus and Darwin at first either
Freud worked to establish psychoanalysis as a “________”
He believed in the dynamic interplay of “_________” factors, and to bring these to the “________” of conscious awareness and this is dealt w/ “__________” w/ help of psychoanalyst
Science
Unconscious; surface; rationally
What are the 4 KEY ideas of psychoanalysis (according to Freud)?
- Psychic determinism
- everything that happens in persons mind = has a cause
- nothing is accidental b/c contradictions of mind can be resolved
= mental processes are unconscious - Psychic conflict
- b/c mind independent & distinct parts = can conflict w/ self - Psychic energy
- energy that makes the mind WORK
- fixed & finite amount available all the time
- psych impulse not expressed = builds up over time - Internal structure
- 3 parts of mind:
(can fxn independently) - ID - irrational & emotional
- EGO: rational
- SUPEREGO: moral
What is compromise formation?
EGO’s main job is to find MIDDLE COURSE b/w competing demands of motivation, morality and practicality
^^ the many things someone wants at the SAME time
What are Freuds 2 FUNDAMENTAL motives?
- Libido (life drive)
- aka “sexual drive”
- fund. force creation, protection, enjoy. of life - Thanatos (death drive)
- ppl engage good deal of destructive activity = that’s not rational
- everybody dies
What 3 aspects do the psychological development stages have according to Freud?
- Physical focus
- energy concentrated & gratification obtained - Psychological theme
- related to physical focus & demand on child from world - Adult character type
- usually “fixated” or some degree of stalled
What is the “oral stage”?
Physical focus?
Psych theme?
Adult personality?
Birth —> 18 months
Physical focus
- mouth, lips and tongue (life force & pleasure)
Psych theme
- dependency
- ppl either provide, or not…
*Needs fulfilled = move onto next stage
*Needs unfulfilled/fulfilled too fast = problems arise
Adult personality
*NOT IDEAL = indepen. ppl who refuse help/passive indiv.
LEADS
= obsession, discomfort, fund. irrational about issues related to dependability/passivity
*IDEAL PPL = accepts help, not dependent & understand ppl make their own outcomes
What is the “anal stage”?
Physical focus?
Psych theme?
Adult personality?
18 months —> 3 years (develops ego)
- Physical focus
- anus/elimitative organs
- sensation “having to go” & dealing w/ them appropriately
- increased demands = obedience & self-control - Psych theme
- self-control & obedience
*Problems = unreasonable expect. * never demand control
*Child must learn = control oneself & extent controlled by authority - Adult personality
*NOT IDEAL= obsessive, compulsive, stingy,
orderly, rigid, and subservient to authority
OR
= no self-control, chaotic, disorganized & need to defy
authority
*IDEAL PPL = determine how/what degree organize life & authority to achieve goals
What is the “phallic stage”?
Physical focus?
Psych theme?
Adult personality?
3-4 years until approx. 7 (develop superego AKA morality)
- Physical focus
- coming to terms w/ sex differences - Psych theme
- gender identity & sexuality
- 2 extremes:
*underdeveloped OR overdeveloped (phallic type)
- identification and taking on parents same-sex attitudes = makes up SUPEREGO - Adult personality
*NOT IDEAL = underdeveloped = lacks moral code
*NOT IDEAL = overdeveloped = rigid moral code
*IDEAL PPl = in the middle
What is the “latency period”?
Physical focus?
Psych theme?
Adult personality?
6/7 -12 years of age (ends w/ puberty)
Physical focus/psych theme/adult personality
- “psych rest” allows to focus on childhood tasks
- allows child to learn what they will need in adult life
What is the “genital stage”?
Physical focus?
Psych theme?
Adult personality?
During adolescence, achievement is adulthood
- Physical focus
- genitals
- genitals NOT as organ, but as source NEW life/reproduction
- NOT everyone can obtain, have to STRIVE to obtain/achieve - Psych theme
- maturity
- add something constructive to life/society
- take on adult reponsibilities - Adult personality
*NOT IDEAL = to not love AND/OR to not work (one or the other) = incomplete person
*IDEAL PPL = need to love AND to work = psych well-adjusted and balanced = truly mature person has achieved both
What are the 2 types of thinking according to Freud?
- Secondary process thinking:
- what we think of when we think of the word “think”
- rational, prudent = delays/redirects gratification
- NOT seen in babies or toddlers
- develops only as ego begins to develop
*Believed this played LESS important role - Primary process thinking:
- STRANGE way of thinking & interesting/powerful/important
- way unconcious mind operates
- SEEN in toddlers & adults
- doesn’t allow for “no” = want immediate gratification, irrational and illogic
Uses:
- condensation: repressed thoughts return in hidden ways aka. dreams
- displacement: redirect forbidden impulse —> safer target
Why do we not want to/good we don’t know EVERYTHING about ourselves?
What important role does the ego play as a defense mechanism?
No, if we knew everything we would probably be overwhelmed and shut down
= ego’s role is to keep disturbing parts of mental life safely locked INSIDE the UNCONSCIOUS sectors of the mind
= uses dense mechanisms to keep certain thoughts/impulses hidden = AVOID ANXIETY (to an extent)
What are the 8 common defense mechanisms?
Give examples for each one…
- Denial:
- 1st line of defense
- prevent perception of source of anxiety
Ex) someone dies = have denial - Repression:
- “manage to not think about it”
- prevent recall that reminds one of source of anxiety - Reaction formation:
- “defend your peace of mind”
- protect forbidden thought/impulse & instigate opposite
Ex) person concerned bout their moral character —> write book on how they are “virtuous” - Projection:
- “develop idea about self —> project onto others”
- attribute unwanted impulse about self to other ppl
Ex) one who fears they are unintelligent —> believe others are dumb - Rationalization:
-“this had to be done…”
- create seemingly logic reason for doing something shameful/bad
Ex) “have to be cruel to be kind” - Intellectualization:
- translate threatening sit. —-> cold, intellect terms
Ex) doctor saying patient is “expiring” instead of “dying” - Displacement:
- redirect forbidden impulse —> safer target
Ex) frusterated at work —> kick wall not boss - Sublimation:
***NOTE: only one w/out downside!!!!!! (safe outlet)
- redirect base impulse —> constructive direction
Ex) person likes to cut things open —> becomes surgeon
What is parapraxis?
Commonly called a “Freudian slip”
LEAKAGE from the UNCONSCIOUS mind
Manifesting as mistake, accident, omission or memory lapse
= Freud was DETERMINIST believed “everything has a cause,” this slips cannot be at random
Can be HARMFUL
Can be handled with jokes or humor
What is “forgetting” according to Freud?
Give an example…
Manisfestion of an UNCONSCIOUS conflict REVEALING ITSLEF in your behaviour
Suppression/repression in your UNCONCIOUS mind = slip messes up something in your life
There’s always a REASON on why you forgot something
Ex) date - anxious about it = forgets about it = saves immediate anxiety = long run may become a social problem
Ex) ^^^ same with forgetting about an exam
Slips are “____________” actions caused by the leakage of “_________” impulses
May happen in “________” and can be a failure to suppress what one “________” wishes to say
Give an example of this…
What happens the more someone denies a slip?
Unintended; suppressed
Speech; privately
The more denial of a slip —> the MORE a Freudian will suspect a POWERFUL/IMPORTANT IMPULSE behind it
Ex) saying a past significant others same when with your current significant other
Sleep, fatigue, or inattention = does NOT cause the slip a Freudian would argue
What was the youtube video about the Freudian slip in the show “Friends”?
Saying the wrong name at the wrong time = embarrassing
But also = problematic
Ross says wrong name at alter (Racheal - past girlfriend)
New bride Emily does NOT believe it was for “no reason”
Freud would likely AGREE w/ this ^^
What are 2 goals of psychoanalytic therapy according to Freud?
- Use VARIOUS CLUES to REVEAL the contents of the UNCONSCIOUS mind
- Resolve conflicts by bringing them to the OPEN (rational part) of the EGO to deal w/ them AKA did believe in the power of LOGIC
Psychoanalytic therapy can even be “________” or “________”
People often feel “______ ________” in the short run
What do psychologists call this? ^^^
Painful; dangerous
More anxious
Psychologists call this “the flight from health” ^^
What is the therapeutic alliance?
Emotional bond b/w therapist and client
What is transference?
Tendency to bring ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that DEVELOP w/ someone —> INTO a relationship w/ someone else
What is countertransference?
When the therapist DEVELOPS feelings for the patient as well
What problem did Freud see occuring during transference and countertransference?
Sexual tension b/w the client and therapist
BUT the therapist has to be the one to RESIST these temptations
Psychoanalytic therapy is often critiqued for its “____” cure rate and that therapy can last for “_____” years
Low; many
True or false. In the end Freud was uninterested in psychoanalysis as a medical/therapeutic technique
True
Saw its IMPORTANCE as a TOOL for understanding HUMAN NATURE & CULTURE
What does recent evidence show in psychoanalysis?
Shows it in a BETTER light
Summary of a study w/ 1000 ppl long-term psychotherapy worked (96%) BETTER than other treatments of short-term
= for COMPLEX mental disorders
Freud viewed the mind as a “___________” map
What did this mean?
Topographical
Viewed mind like an iceberg
Above water (tip): conscious part of mind
Larger part (just under water): outside awareness, some part of it is the preconscious
Vast majority (deep under water): unconscious
What is the ID according to Freud?
Functions entirely in UNCONSCIOUS
Closely tied to basic BIOLOGICAL processes
All PSYCHIC ENERGY comes through it
Follows the “pleasure principle”
Satisfies needs through “primary processing”:
- forming an UNCONSCIOUS mental image of an object/event that would SATISFY the NEED
Experience of having that image is called ^ “wish fulfillment”
What is the EGO according to Freud?
Functions in CONSCIOUS & UNCONSCIOUS
Evolves from id and delays its discharge of “psychic energy” so that its impulses are expressed EFFECTIVELY
= SELF-CONTROL
= DELAY OF GRATIFICATION
Weighs the RISKS before acting:
*risk TOO high —> think of another way
*risk NOT SAFE —> delay it to later or safer time
Functions according to “reality principle”:
- taking EXTERNAL reality into account w/ INTERNAL needs & urges
- does “reality testing”
Uses “secondary processing”:
- matching UNCONSCIOUS image of tension-reducing object to a REAL OBJECT
What is the SUPEREGO according to Freud?
Acts at all 3 levels of CONSCIOUSNESS (think the iceberg diagram)
Last to develop & develops from resolving a PARTICULAR conflict during development
Embodiment of PARENTAL & SOCIETAL VALUES (reflect values from parents)
Taking in values from PARENTS = INTROJECTION
2 subsystems:
1. Ego ideal-
- rules for good behaviour/excellence
2. Conscious:
- rules which behaviour partners disapprove/punish
3 goals:
1. PREVENT any id impulse that would be frowned upon
2. Force ego to act MORALLY, rather than rationally
3. Guide person towards PERFECTION in thought, word & deed (“civilizing” influence”)
What is catharsis?
The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions
Freud saw this release in the form of AGGRESSION
