Research Methods Flashcards
What are the 3 general criteria of personality?
- Sense of stability, continuity across TIME/SITUATIONS
- Casual force from w/in person (INTERNAL CAUSALITY)
- DISTINCTIVENESS (describe what a person is like)
Personality is a “_________” organization, inside a person’s psychophysical systems that create “____________ ________” of behaviour, thoughts and feelings
Dynamic; characteristic patterns
Personality has “__________”
- patterns & hierarchies
Organization
What is the main difference b/w social and personality psychology?
Can have competition w/ each other
Personality psych includes…
THOUGHTS, FEELINGS AND BEHAVIOUR
ABC’s
AFFECT, BEHAVIOUR, COGNITIVE
Personality has “_________ & _______ ______”
- it is deterministic (is something/does something)
Processes and casual forces
Personality is “_________ & ________”
- neither exclusively mental or neural
Psychological and physical
Personality is “_____________ ________”
- recurrences and consistences
Individualized patterns
Why should personality account for individual differences?
NO two people are exactly alike
Should adresss “where” these differences come from + “why” they important
Ex) twins may appear identical, but they still have their OWN personalities
- we want to CAPTURE their individual differences
What is intrapersonal functioning in personality?
Give an example
There are DETERMINISTIC tendencies that exist w/in INDIV
+
They are ELICITIED from SITUATIONAL factors
Ex) The way someone acts while playing a soccer game VS doing an exam is NOT the same way they would act at a funeral
***why the situation has to be taken into account
What is the psychological triad?
Personality psychologists deem these “___________ “(puzzles) worthy of attention and study
“How people think, feel and behave”
AKA thoughts, feelings and behaviour
AKA ABC’s
Important independently of each other
————————————————————————-
Inconsistencies
True or false. Personality psychologists (historical/today) have clinical training
True
Clinical and personality psych share SAME goal and obligation
True or false. Personality is used to describe different parts of people
False
Want to explain a person as a WHOLE
What are we looking at? = basic paradigm
***SOME ARGUE THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE
True or false. Least amount of PHD’s are given in personality psych
True
However it is a large area and may be a subfield to many fields
What is the basis of the trait approach?
Conceptualization of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
+
Measurement of INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What is the basis of the biological approach?
Anatomy
Physiology
Genetics
Evolution
What is the basis of the psychoanalytic approach?
UNCONCIOUS mind
INTERNAL MENTAL conflict
Freud (less common nowadays)
What is the basis of the phenomenological approach?
CONSCIOUS awareness and experience
HUMANISTIC psychology
CROSS-CULTURAL psychology
What is the basis of the learning and cognitive approach?
BEHAVIORISM
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
COGNITIVE PERSONALITY psychology
True or false. The trait and biological approach are the best basic approaches to personality
False
Not a single approach is better than the other
They each ask DIFF questions and show an overall comprehensive view on personality
Each personality approach can be useful for handling its “____” key concerns
Each one typically “_______” the concerns of the others
Give examples of this
Own
Ignores
———————————————————-
B.F skinner believed behaviourism explained everything
Freud claimed his ideas were the only truth
(Carl Jung dared to question him)
Why would one big theory not work?
One big theory might account for some things well, but not explain everything else so well
One big theory that explains everything would not be the best explanation for specific things
What is Funders first law?
Give an example
GREAT STRENGTHS are usually GREAT WEAKNESSES
Often the OPPOSITE is TRUE as well
————————————————————————-
Personality broad perspective of the person as a whole
Is this overly broad? Overly inclusive?
Explain the ted talk video “your child’s annoying trait may just be their greatest talent”
Annoying —> strength —> talent
Redirects (parent/teacher) —-> refines/cultivates —> They get older, grows into…
What is pigeonholing?
Person. Psych. emphasizes how ppl are DIFFERENT from each other
Categorizing/labelling ppl
BUT leads the field to recgonize that ppl are really DIFFERENT
What is Funder’s second law?
Think detective…
There are NO perfect indicators of personality, there are only CLUES, and clues are always AMBIGUOUS
What does “data are clues” mean?
B/c personality is HIDDEN inside an individual
Inferences are based on indications that can be OBSERVED
This is like a DETECTIVE SOLVING A MYSTERY
What is Funder’s third law?
Think motivational speaker…
Something beats NOTHING, TWO times out of THREE
Psychologist should maintain HEALTHY skepticism about possibility that some CLUES might be MISLEADING
What is a theory?
A theory should allow you to “______” new information
A theory should be “________” and should be “_______”
A theory should have “_______” (should include as few assumptions as possible)
Summary statement, or general principle about a class of events
————————
Predict
————————
Testable; tested
————————
Parsimony
Field of personality addresses what two fundamental themes?
- Existence of DIFFERENCES among people
- How to best conceptualize INTRAPERSONAL FUNCTIONING
True or false. People tend to favor theories that fit well w/ their intuitions and personal world view
True
Even theorists/professionals do this
What are the 5 kinds of validity? (CCC,D,F)
- Construct validity:
-all-encompassing aka most important
-reflects “construct” in mind
THINK OF GIANT “CONSTRUCT” IN MIND, LIKE A PUZZLE- IT IS THE BIG PICTURE - Convergent validity:
-“converges” on the construct you’re interested in
PICTURE BUNCH OF ROADS THAT COME TOGETHER (DIFF. WAYS OF MEASURING THE SAME THING - Face validity:
- simple and intuitive
- assessment device appears on its “face” - to measure the construct its supposed to measure
- “looks right”
IMAGINE SMILEY FACE ON ASSESSMENT TOOL (IS OBVIOUS & INTUITITVE - Criterion validity:
- tests how well the measure predicts something else its supposed to predict
- external criterion “manifests”
- supports construct validity
THINK CRYSTAL BALL- HELPS PREDICT FUTURE - Discrimination validity:
- to show it does not measure other qualities its not supposed to
- major line in fighting 3rd variable problem
IMAGINE MAGNIFYING GLASS SEPERATING 2 OBJECTS- HELPS DISCRIMINATE
What is response set?
What is aquiescence?
Social desirability
= LOSS OF VALIDITY
Note: use mnemonic Silly Researchers Make Trouble In Data
Response set
- psych readiness to answer in a particular way \
Aquiescence
-tendency to say “yes”
Silly: Sampling issues
Researchers : Reliability (inconsistent data)
**Make: Measurement bias **
Trouble: Third variables
In: Inconsistent data
Data: Poorly Defined Constructs
