Learning Perspective Flashcards
What is behaviourism?
Only way to know about somebody is to OBSERVE the PERSONS BEHAVIOUR
Causes of behaviour can be observed a DIRECTLY BEHAVIOUR ITSELF b/c they can be found in INDIVS ENVIRO
Based on B-DATA
Does not include: traits, uncon. Conflicts, conscious experience (anything else you can’t see)
Can’t verify PRIVATE INFO
What are the 3 fundamental ideas in behaviourism?
- Empiricism:
- all knowledge comes from EXPERIENCE
- structure of REALITY determines structure of MIND
- at birth mind is EMPTY - Association:
- claim that any 2 things (ideas too) become MENTALLY ASSOCIATED into one if REPEATED CLOSE together in TIME
- often result = cause and effect relationship
Ex) thunder & lightning - Hedonism:
- people learn to SEEK PLEASURE & AVOID PAIN
- REWARDS & PUNISHMENTS shape behaviour
What did John Watson (founder of behaviourism) believe?
Only as a person encounters REALITY does he/she begin to to ACCUMULATE experiences and build characteristic way of REACTING to WORLD
What is habituation?
REPEATED PRESENTATIONS of a stimulus results in a DIMINSIHED RESPONSE w/ each RREPITATION, until it almost DISAPPEARS
Reponse nearly as STRONG as original can be MAINTAINED
Only if:
- stimulus changes
- or increases w/ every repetition
What is classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov —> interested in studying physiology of digestion
Demonstrated that ASSOCIATIONISM is slightly wrong
*Not merely b/c they occurred together
*But because the meaning of one concept CHANGED the meaning of ANOTHER
Review slides
Review slides
What are 4 shortcomings of behaviourism?
- Ignores MOTIVATION, THOUGHT & COGNITION
- social learning theorists stress how important this is - Based on ANIMALS
- behaviorists concentrate too much on ELEMENTS OF LEARNING that are important for animals - IGNORES. SOCIAL DIMENSION of LEARNING
- Treats the organism as ESSENTIALLY PASSIVE
- humans not only choose enviros but CHANGE these enviros
What is dollard and millers social learning theory?
Key idea is HABIT HIERARCHY
Behaviour you’re most likely to perform resides at TOP of hierarchy
Your least likely behaviour is at the bottom
Effect of rewards, punishments and learning is to REARRANGE the habit hierarchy
What is Rotter’s social learning theory?
Give example…
Concerns DECISION MAKING and the ROLE of EXPECTANCIES
Core of approach:
EXPECTANCY VALUE THEORY (worked out mathematically)
- behav. descisions are determined NOT just by presence/size reinforcement, but also by BELIEFS about results of behaviour
Ex) graduate trying to decide b/w 30,000/50,000/yr job
Behaviourism = choose 50,000/yr
Rotter = do math and consider BELIEF which MORE likely to get
What are “expectancies”?
What are the 2 types?
Expectancy: indivs belief/subject probability about HOW LIKELY it seems the behaviour will attain its GOAL
- Specific:
- belief that certain behav. @ certain time & place —> lead to specific outcome - Generalized:
- general beliefs about ANYTHING you do likely to —> make difference
What is a large difference between Rotters “expectancy” and Bandura’s “efficacy expectations”?
Memorize by picturing Rotter in front of slot machine, want to pull lever and get jackpot
Memorize by picturing Bandura in front of a mountain, smilies and says “I can climb this” there’s belief in these abilities
Rotters —>
- perceived CONDITIONAL probability that you do something = obtain your goal
- more focus on reinforcement
Bandura —>
- perceived probability that you CAN do something in 1ST place
- more focus on self
What is Bandura’s social learning theory?
Builds directly on Rotters theory
Efficacy expectations can INTERACT/DETERMINED by other kinds of self-judgments
= these should be KEY target for THERAPEUTIC interventions
**EFFICACIES CAN CREATE CAPACITIES
**INCREASE IN SELF EFFICACY = BETTER MOTIV. + PERFORM.
Target of therapy is NOT behaviour, but BELIEF
What is observational learning?
Learning a behaviour by seeing someone ELSE do it
Research indicates that humans are not the only ones who do this
We learn nearly everything by observation
Ex) bobo doll clown study
