Self-regulation

Question 1

short term associations of self-regulation

Answer 1

higher self regulation -> better (mental) health and educational outcomes

(but… is the disorder characterized by low self-regulation or does the disorder manifest due to low self-regulation….?)

Question 2

long term associations of self-regulation

Answer 2

higher self-regulation in childhood -> better (mental) health and educational outcomes in adolescence and adulthood

Question 3

high self-regulation leidt tot…

Answer 3

• social competency
• school engagement
• academic performance
• academic achievements
• employment

Question 4

low self-regulation leidt tot…

Answer 4

• peer victimization
• externalizing problems (aggression and criminal behaviour)
• internalizing problems (depression and anxiety)
• obesity
• smoking
• SUD
• physical illness

Question 5

age of onset of these disorders:

1. impulse control
2. SUD
3. anxiety
4. mood
5. schizophrenia

Answer 5

1. impulse: 5-13
2. SUD: 13-25
3. anxiety: 5-20
4. mood: 13-40
5. schizophrenia: 12-24

Question 6

self-regulation=

Answer 6

the ability to flexibly activate, monitor, inhibit, persevere and/or adapt one’s behavior, attention, emotions and cognitive strategies in response to direction from internal cues, environmental stimuli and feedback from others, in an attempt to attain personally-relevant goals

flexibly activating, monitoring, inhibiting, persevering and adapting behaviour emotions and cognitions in response to internal and external cues to attain personally-relevant goals

Question 7

wanneer ontwikkelt self-regulation en waarom

Answer 7

voor self-regulatie is de PFC nodig, dus na 25 jaar (/adulthood)

Question 8

hoe kan je kijken of flexibility verandert

Answer 8

rule changing improves with age, measure with WCST

Question 9

monitoring process and how it differs with age

Answer 9

Required to:
1. Formulate an expected state. - Increases with age
2. Observe actual state. - No age effects
3. Be sensitive to discrepancy. - No age effects

Question 10

inhbition process

Answer 10

twee soorten:

1. Reactive inhibition: do not respond to buzzing phone
2. Proactive inhibition: mute your phone

Both increase with age

Question 11

perseverance with age and gender

Answer 11

perseverance increases with age. boys higher perseverance than girls

Question 12

“to attain personally relevant goals” process

Answer 12

goal direction!

Goals change with age: balance between more goals, more abstract and more future goals

Question 13

extended framework to study the development of self-regulation

Answer 13

1. motivation to attain a goal & capacity for self-regulation -> self-regulation
2. The willingness to use capacity is moderated by motivation to attain a goal
3. Capacity and motivation are influenced by the environment, e.g. parents, teachers, peers

Question 14

The willingness to use capacity is moderated by motivation to attain a goal: wat legt dit uit?

Answer 14

May explain low correlations between self-regulation in and in real life: Motivation and goals differ between tasks (e.g. money, colliqilum punten) and real life (goed cijfer halen)

Question 15

motivation to attain a goal is influenced by the environment voorbeelden

Answer 15

• draw attention to goals
• enhance motivation to attain these goals

Question 16

how to enjoy reading papers

Answer 16

Ask yourself the following questions:

What is the main message of the paper?
What do you like about the paper?
How do research questions follow from the current state of affairs?
Why are these questions important, from a theoretical and practical point of view?
How are these questions investigated, including analysis?
What are the answers to the research questions?
Which new questions arose while reading the paper?
Are these new questions important, if so, how can you find an answer?

Question 17

main message of Burns (2022), the effects of cueing episodic future thinking on delay discounting in children, adolescents and adults

Answer 17

• We discount future rewards, especially children do.
• Yields e.g. suboptimal health- or climate-related choices.
• How nice would it be, if there would be an intervention to reduce discounting.
• Cuing the future reduces discounting in adolescents/adults, but not in children
• The cueing effect, is not related to time perspective or distance to future self

Question 18

adolescence is about…

Answer 18

learning to balance your own goals and goals to fit in with others

Question 19

wat lieten ze in dit exp zien

Answer 19

denken aan de toekomst (iets wat geassociatierd is met de activiteit) -> people are forced to make the future vivid. daardoor minder discounting van future rewards bij adults en adolescents (niet kids)

Question 20

wat zijn 2 proposed underlying mechanisms of discounting

Answer 20

• future time perspective (estimated time vs. true time: things in the future are very compressed, and may explain the effects of this intervention).
• future self-connectedness (kan misschien liggen aan de mate waarin mensen zich connected voelen met hun toekomstige zelf)

maar voor beiden geen bewijs

Question 21

hoe zie je discounting in een grafiek

Answer 21

area under the curve: smaller = more discounting

Question 22

new questions:

Answer 22

beter als het visueel is? beter als het gerelateerd is aan je eigen keuze?

Question 23

take home messages

Answer 23

1) Self regulation associated to (mental) health, academic and societal outcomes.
2) Self regulation is affected by the capacity to self-regulate and motivation to attain a goal.
3) Capacity and motivation to attain a goal are influenced by the environment.