Bexkens, A., Huizenga, H., (2019). Peer-influence on risk-taking in male adolescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities and/or behavior disorders.

Question 1

overeenkomsten MBID en ODD

Answer 1

Children with MBID may exhibit defiant or oppositional behaviors, not necessarily because of an inherent defiant attitude (as in ODD), but because they struggle to comprehend complex instructions or social expectations. This may result in frustration and apparent oppositional behavior.

Question 2

MBID en ASS

Answer 2

Children with MBID may also have social communication difficulties, such as struggles with social cues, problem-solving, and understanding complex social interactions. This can be misinterpreted as ASD, which also includes difficulties in social interactions.

Question 3

MBID and ADHD

Answer 3

The attention deficits, impulsivity, and hyperactivity seen in ADHD can be confused with similar symptoms in MBID. Children with intellectual disabilities often have difficulty focusing on tasks, exhibit restlessness, and have poor organizational skills, leading to misdiagnosis as ADHD.

Question 4

This study aimed to disentangle the effects of Mild-to-Borderline Intellectual Disability (MBID) and Behavior Disorders (BD)on risk taking in circumstances where peer influence was absent or present. We studied 319 adolescents in four groups: MBID-only, MBID+BD, BD-only, and typically developing controls. The Balloon Analogue Risk-Task (BART), in a solo or peer condition, was used as a proxy of real-life risk-taking. Results show a significant main effect of BART condition. Post-hoc tests indicated higher risk-taking in the peer compared to the solo condition in all groups except BD-only. Moreover, risk taking was increased in adolescents with MBID compared to adolescents without MBID, but only under peer-influence. No main or interaction effects with BD were observed. Model based decomposition of BART performance in underlying processes showed that the MBID related increase in risk-taking under peer-influence was mainly related to increased risk-taking propensity, and in the MBID-only group also to increased safety estimates and increased confidence in these safety estimates. The present study shows that risk-taking in MBID may be better explained by low intellectual functioning than by comorbid BD, and may not originate in increased risk taking per se, but may rather be related to risk-taking under peer-influence, which is a complex, multifaceted risk-taking context. Therefore, interventions to decrease risk-taking by adolescents with MBID that specifically target peer-influence may be successful.

Answer 4

oke

Question 5

dus de 4 groepen

Answer 5

1. MBID-only
2. MBID + BD (behavioural disorder)
3. BD-only
4. typically developing controls

Question 6

voorbeelden van behavioural disorders

Answer 6

Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Question 7

prevalentie BD in MBID vs general population

Answer 7

MBID: 25-30%
general population: 5-10%

Question 8

Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART)

Answer 8

Participants performing the BART are presented with an empty balloon to inflate, receiving a small amount of money for each pump. At any time, the individual has the opportunity to stop pumping and collect the money accrued or to continue pumping while running the risk that the balloon pops losing the accumulated money. Pumping is risky business, as the probability that a balloon will pop increases with each pump. It is rewarding at the same time since each additional pump will increase the amount of money gained.

Question 9

hoe waren peers gevonden

Answer 9

they standardized the type of peer-encouragement each adolescent received by using virtual unknown peers.

In the ‘peer’ condition (Peer BART), three pictures of adolescent boys were presented in the left-hand corner of the screen. In addition, audio files with statements encouraging risk taking were played at random moments during inflating the balloon (e.g., ‘If you stop now you are chicken’ and ‘you are really cool if you go on pumping’).

Question 10

wat voor design

Answer 10

2 MBID (present vs absent) by 2 BD (present vs absent) by 2 BART condition (solo vs peer)

Question 11

resultaten

Answer 11

The primary finding of the study was that MBID was related to increased risk taking, but only under peer-influence, whereas BD was not related to increased risk-taking in either a solo or the peer context. These results suggest that MBID related increased real-life risk-taking such as delinquency and sexual-risk-taking, may be better explained by low intellectual functioning than by comorbid BD. n addition, these results suggest that this increased real-life risk taking may not originate in increased risk taking per se, but may rather be related to risk-taking under peer-influence, which is a complex, multifaceted risk-taking context.

Question 12

wat kan een uitleg zijn voor die gevoeligheid voor peer pressure

Answer 12

It has been argued before that individuals with intellectual disability are especially credulous which may be related to delays in social cognition. Together with low feelings of self-efficacy, this may increase reliance on others for making decisions about whether to partake in risk-taking behavior. This could be a potential explanation for increased susceptibility to peer-influence in MBID that should be further studied by including measures of social-cognition in studies of peer-influence on risk-taking.