self lecture 2 Flashcards
1
Q
self-schemas + self-concept
A
- self-schemas are cog structures that represent knowledge about ourselves
- can be pas or neg
- Markus -> lots of self-schemas that varies across people, time + context
- Markus -> self-schemas contribute to self-concept which is complex + dynamic
2
Q
symbolic interaction
A
-mead
- self-concepts arise + modified through interactions with SOC
- interactions impact dev of the self
3
Q
Looking glass self
A
-Mead
- self-concepts come from seeing ourselves as others see US
-looking from an outside perspective
- people have little agency to 7 change self-concept beyond others thoughts of them
4
Q
social comparison Theory
A
- Festinger
- Learn who we are by competing + comparing self with others
-Downward comparisons -> comparing self to people below you to make yourself feel . better
-upward comparisons -> motivating or harmful to self-esteem to compare to someone above you
5
Q
self-perception theory
A
- Be
- Gain self-knowledge by observing our beh
- imagining beh a certain way can change self-confidence (visualisation)
6
Q
self - awareness/consciousness
A
- looking at static version of self
- generated by anything that turns attention to self (mirror, video) -> Duval + Wicklund
- when you are self-aware you make comparisons between actual + ideal self
7
Q
self-discrepancy theory
A
- Actual self = true, current self
-Ideal self = who we’d like to be in future (ego self-actualisation) - Ought self = who we think we should be (superego + conscience)
- Higgins -> motivated to reduce discrepancies between ideal + ought self and actual self
- Actual-ideal discrepencies sadness
- Actual -ought discrepencies = guilt + low self- esteem
8
Q
Regulatory FOcuS Theory
A
- Higgins
- 2 separate systems for reg beh for goal-achievement
- promoting success-> achieving aspirations (ideal self)
- preventing failure -> fulfilment of duties (ought self)
- some people are more promotion focused, others more prevention
9
Q
Public + private self -awareness
A
- Baumeister
- Public self = how others see you, public image , Jungs persona
- Private self = private thoughts + feelings, Freud’s work
10
Q
Temporal Discounting - self control
A
- Peters + Buchel’s
- Desire for reward in less impulsive indiVs doesn’t change much over time
- Humans + animals prefer immediate over delayed rewards
-value things in present more than future
11
Q
self-control
A
- Baumeister, Vohs + Tice
- capacity altering responses to bring them in line with standards, mora ls + expectations to support long -term goals
- similar to self -regulation
- self-control exertions depend on limited resource
12
Q
Instant gratification study
A
- Shoda, Mischel + Peake
- place marshmallow in front of kid + told can eat it now or wait + get a bag full
- predicts adolescent cog + self -reg
- 10 years later -> delay of gratification at 4 years old predicted self-reg at 14
- 40 years later -> Inhibitory control task - Casey
-ppts have to resist pressing button for Pos face + only press for neutral - people who struggled with marshmallow struggled with this
13
Q
self-control as a muscle
A
-Baumeister, Vohs + Tice
- central function + important for success
- exertion of self-control depends on a limited resource
- just as a muscle gets tired, self-control cause short- term impairments (ego depletion) subsequent self- control
-self-control improves as you practice it more
14
Q
Ego depletion + Will power
A
- Baumeister et al
- ego depletion= state of diminished resources following exertion of self-control
- requires self- control to eat radish as most people find it unpleasant (force self to eat it )
- Next give ppts unsolveable puzzle
-ppts that ate radish gave up sooner because self- control depleted
15
Q
Attention bias to the self
A
- Tacikowski et al
-ppts asked to indicate whether they knew identity of persons face presented to them (self, famous, unknown) - Asked to respond as quickly as possible
-ppts faster at responding to self - Attentional bias to self info
16
Q
Memory advantage of self
A
- De Caso et Al
- Adjectives presented on screen
- presented with suprise retrieval test + asked to indicate it item had been presented previously
- words presented for self remembered more than others
- Memory advantage for self-relevant info
17
Q
Cocktail party Effect
A
- wood + cowan
-ppts sometimes (34%) notice name emedded in ignored auditory channel - processing ability for self relevant info
18
Q
Dichotic Listening
A
- wood + cowan
- Input A = left ear - told to listen to this side + ignore right
- Input B = right ear -different audio incl: ppts name, random name
- 9 people in own name condition who noticed name in Input B made most errors during attention task
- snows attention is shifted towards self- relevant channel when self is noticed
19
Q
Spending time alone to reveal self - Solitude
A
- Larson
- If who we are is decided by upbringing, family, social circle leaving all that should be quite telling
- Loneliness -> Undersired time alone, lack of motivation for social interaction = depression
- Solitude -> Brief moments or extended seclusion can be transformative + pos aspects of self dev
19
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
- Lots of info about self compared to others = consequence on how we think + treat others
- Gilbert + Malone -> Tendency to draw inferences about persons unique dispositions from beh that can be entirely explained by situations they occur
- Events when attribution is made: Situation perception -> Beh expectation -> Beh perception -> Attribution
- Sitting in traffic + getting annoyed at others but everyone else is thinking the same thing
- 4 components: lack of awareness of situation, unrealistic expectation, inflated categorisation, incomplete corrections
