self lecture 2 Flashcards
self-schemas + self-concept
- self-schemas are cog structures that represent knowledge about ourselves
- can be pas or neg
- Markus -> lots of self-schemas that varies across people, time + context
- Markus -> self-schemas contribute to self-concept which is complex + dynamic
symbolic interaction
-mead
- self-concepts arise + modified through interactions with SOC
- interactions impact dev of the self
Looking glass self
-Mead
- self-concepts come from seeing ourselves as others see US
-looking from an outside perspective
- people have little agency to 7 change self-concept beyond others thoughts of them
social comparison Theory
- Festinger
- Learn who we are by competing + comparing self with others
-Downward comparisons -> comparing self to people below you to make yourself feel . better
-upward comparisons -> motivating or harmful to self-esteem to compare to someone above you
self-perception theory
- Be
- Gain self-knowledge by observing our beh
- imagining beh a certain way can change self-confidence (visualisation)
self - awareness/consciousness
- looking at static version of self
- generated by anything that turns attention to self (mirror, video) -> Duval + Wicklund
- when you are self-aware you make comparisons between actual + ideal self
self-discrepancy theory
- Actual self = true, current self
-Ideal self = who we’d like to be in future (ego self-actualisation) - Ought self = who we think we should be (superego + conscience)
- Higgins -> motivated to reduce discrepancies between ideal + ought self and actual self
- Actual-ideal discrepencies sadness
- Actual -ought discrepencies = guilt + low self- esteem
Regulatory FOcuS Theory
- Higgins
- 2 separate systems for reg beh for goal-achievement
- promoting success-> achieving aspirations (ideal self)
- preventing failure -> fulfilment of duties (ought self)
- some people are more promotion focused, others more prevention
Public + private self -awareness
- Baumeister
- Public self = how others see you, public image , Jungs persona
- Private self = private thoughts + feelings, Freud’s work
Temporal Discounting - self control
- Peters + Buchel’s
- Desire for reward in less impulsive indiVs doesn’t change much over time
- Humans + animals prefer immediate over delayed rewards
-value things in present more than future
self-control
- Baumeister, Vohs + Tice
- capacity altering responses to bring them in line with standards, mora ls + expectations to support long -term goals
- similar to self -regulation
- self-control exertions depend on limited resource
Instant gratification study
- Shoda, Mischel + Peake
- place marshmallow in front of kid + told can eat it now or wait + get a bag full
- predicts adolescent cog + self -reg
- 10 years later -> delay of gratification at 4 years old predicted self-reg at 14
- 40 years later -> Inhibitory control task - Casey
-ppts have to resist pressing button for Pos face + only press for neutral - people who struggled with marshmallow struggled with this
self-control as a muscle
-Baumeister, Vohs + Tice
- central function + important for success
- exertion of self-control depends on a limited resource
- just as a muscle gets tired, self-control cause short- term impairments (ego depletion) subsequent self- control
-self-control improves as you practice it more
Ego depletion + Will power
- Baumeister et al
- ego depletion= state of diminished resources following exertion of self-control
- requires self- control to eat radish as most people find it unpleasant (force self to eat it )
- Next give ppts unsolveable puzzle
-ppts that ate radish gave up sooner because self- control depleted
Attention bias to the self
- Tacikowski et al
-ppts asked to indicate whether they knew identity of persons face presented to them (self, famous, unknown) - Asked to respond as quickly as possible
-ppts faster at responding to self - Attentional bias to self info
