Self Efficacy Theory

Question 1

state what it is meant by the key term ‘self-efficacy’ (Albert Bandora, 1997;2000)

Answer 1

the belief in one’s own capabilities to execute the actions required to produce desired effects

Question 2

state what it is meant by the key term ‘sports confidence’ (Vaeley, 1986)

Answer 2

the belief or degree of certainty individual’s possess about their ability to be successful in sport

Question 3

state the three dimensions of sports confidence

Answer 3

1. competitive orientation
2. trait specific confidence
3. state specific confidence

Question 4

state what it is meant by the key term ‘competitive orientation’ when talking about the three dimensions of sports confidence

Answer 4

competitive orientation - how individual’s define success (winning or performing well)

Question 5

state what it is meant by the key term ‘trait sports confidence’ when talking about the three dimensions of sports confidence

Answer 5

trait sports confidence - the degree of certainty an individual usually has about their ability to be successful in sport

Question 6

state what it is meant by the key term ‘state sports confidence’ when talking about the three dimensions of sports confidence

Answer 6

state sports confidence - the belief an individual possesses at one particular moment about their ability

Question 7

state 3 facts about people with a weak level of self efficacy

Answer 7

1. avoid challenging tasks
2. believe difficult tasks = beyond capabilities
3. focus on personal failings + negative outcomes
4. quickly lose confidence in personal abilities

Question 8

state 3 facts about people with a strong level of self efficacy

Answer 8

1. view challenging tasks to be mastered
2. develop deeper interests in activities in the face of difficulty
3. become more committed to activities following failures
4. recover quickly from set-backs and dissappointments

Question 9

who conducted, and what was the reason for conducting, the 2014 study on sports confidence (4 points)

Answer 9

1. Hanton, Mellalieu, and Hall, 2014
2. how does sports confidence relate to competition anxiety and the interpretation of thoughts and physical sensations?
3. interviews with 10 elite athletes
4. comparison made between athletes with high vs low self confidence

Question 10

what was the result of the study in 2014 on self confidence in sport, conducted by Hanton, Mellalieu and Hall

Answer 10

1. high self confidence individuals viewed pre competition anxiety as controllable and that it facilitated performance
2. low self confidence individual’s viewed pre competition anxiety as outside their control and debilitative to performance

Question 11

state the 3 dimensions of self efficacy theory

Answer 11

1. magnitude
2. strength
3. generality

Question 12

state what it is meant by the key term ‘magnitude’ in SE

Answer 12

the number of levels of increased difficulty that I believe I am capable of performing

Question 13

state what it is meant by the key term ‘strength’ in SE

Answer 13

the firmness of the convictions that I have to perform a behaviour/obtain an outcome (eg - 50% at this level, 20% at that level)

Question 14

state what it is meant by the key term ‘generality’ in SE

Answer 14

the generalisability of my confidence to another task/behaviour

Question 15

state 3 negative impacts of over-confidence/arrogance

Answer 15

1. reduced motivation
2. reduced work ethic
3. unrealistic/inaccurate predictions and expectations
4. complacency
5. unfamiliar/poor performance

Question 16

state the 5 sources of self efficacy

Answer 16

1. performance experience
2. vicarious experiences
3. imaginal experiences
4. verbal persuasion
5. physiological and emotional states

Question 17

state the 3 outcomes of self efficacy

Answer 17

1. affective
2. behavioural
3. cognitive

Question 18

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy outcome ‘affective’

Answer 18

1. the individual’s emotions, feelings and sentiments

2. greater SE = dec^ anxiety, inc^ enjoyment and inc^ satisfaction

Question 19

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy outcome ‘behavioural’

Answer 19

1. the individual’s physical responses, observable behaviour

2. inc^ effort, performance, participation, persistance

Question 20

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy outcome ‘cognitive’

Answer 20

1. the individual’s mental processes, thoughts, intellect, beliefs, etc…
2. inc^ focus, better goal setting, develop better attributions

Question 21

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy source ‘performance experiences’ (2 points)

Answer 21

1. clear success or failure experiences are the most powerful source of SE information
2. coaches can create opportunities for mastery of skills

Question 22

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy source ‘vicarious experiences’ (2 points)

Answer 22

1. observation of others, noting consequences of behaviour and using information to assess own capabilities
2. ensure the ‘model’ is similar to the individual

Question 23

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy source ‘imaginal experiences’

Answer 23

1. visualising ourself performing the behaviour
2. by visualising behaviour, individuals can generate beliefs about personal (in)efficacy about previous or future situations

Question 24

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy source ‘verbal persuasion’ (2 points)

Answer 24

1. important for others to tell you they are confident in you
2. effectiveness depends upon the experience and trustworthiness of the source

Question 25

state and explain what it is meant by the self efficacy source ‘physiological and emotional states’

Answer 25

1. how one feels both physically and emotionally
2. aversive states can dec^ SE, pleasant states can inc^ SE
3. (arousal control!)

Question 26

state 3 guidelines for enhancing self efficacy

Answer 26

1. establishing challenging, realistic goals
2. establish progressive, more difficult tasks
3. learn and practice mental skills (especially imagery)
4. use of positive reinforcement
5. use realistic and genuine verbal persuasion

Question 27

state what Bandora (1997) says are the 4 characteristics of effective modelling ?

Answer 27

1. attention
2. retention
3. motor reproduction
4. motivation