Personality Types and Traits Flashcards
state what the difference between ‘Structuralism’ and ‘Functionalism’ is
- Structuralism suggests psychology’s goal is to study the structure of the human mind and it’s consciousness
- Functionalism puts forth that understanding the purpose of the mind and consciousness is the main aim of psychology
state what it is meant by the key term ‘Nomothetic Approach’
- a nomothetic approach focuses on identifiable laws which apply to everyone and can be used to draw comparisons
- generalised, categorised, numerical data
state what it is meant by the key term ‘Idiographic Approach’
- an ideographic approach focuses on unique characteristics and building a detailed picture of an individual
- subjective experiences, individualism
define ‘Personality’ as stated by Funder, 2013
personality refers to an individuals characteristic patterns of thought, emotion and behaviour (Funder. 2013)
what does personality stem from ?
personality stems from initial questions people had about psychology
what is the aim of researching personality ? (2 points)
- aims to identify, explain and predict individual differences between people
- individual differences between people have been associated with many important aspects of life (eg - relationships, sports performance)
what did Hippocrates propose about Personality ? (2 points)
- Hippocrates (460-370 BC) alluded to different dispositions people seem to possess
- he attributes these ‘temperaments’ to levels of fluids in the body
what are the 4 areas of personality as stated by Hippocrates ?
- Phlegmatic
- Sanguine
- Melancholic
- Choleric
state 3 facts about phlegmatic people
- an excess of phlegm
- thoughtful, reasonable, calm and tolerate
- steady and faithful
state 3 facts about sanguine people
- an excess of blood
- lively, sociable, talkative, optimistic
- artistic and care free
state 3 facts about melancholic people
- an excess of black bile
- serious, moody, cautious, sensitive
- focused and conscientious
state 3 facts about choleric people
- an excess of yellow bile
- energetic, excitable, impulsive, restless
- practical and strong willed
what did Sheldon do in 1942
Sheldon, 1942, assigned people to characteristics depending on their somatotype
state 2 facts about endomorphic people
- fat, soft, round
2. relaxed, sociable
state 2 facts about mesomorphic people
- muscular, strong
2. energetic, assertive
state 2 facts about ectomorphic people
- long, thin, delicate
2. introverted, intellectual
what did Carl Jung do ?
- Carl Jung, 1921, developed a theory of personality types and popularised the idea of introversion and extraversion
- forms the basis of the Myres-Briggs Personality Testing (MGPT)
state 3 general facts about the ‘Trait Approach’ in psychology
- the approach possess a number of fundamental ‘traits’
- approach suggests individuals have different levels of each trait
- different levels make us think, feel and behave differently
what did Eysenck do ?
Eysenck (1947) proposed the ‘Dimensions of Personality’ which were Introversion, Extroversion, Neuroticism and Stable
state 2 facts about - Extroversion
- sociable, like parties, have many friends, need people to talk to, don’t like being on their own
- crave excitement, take chances, act on the spur of life
state 2 facts about - Introversion
- quiet, retiring, introspective, prefer own company, have few but close friends
- mistrusts impulse, cautious and careful
state 2 facts about - Neuroticism
- more likely to experience, anger, anxiety, guilt and depression
- respond poorly to stress and interpret ordinary situations as threatening
state 2 facts about - Stable
- more emotionally stable and less reactive to stress
2. remain calm and even tempered, regardless of the situation
state 2 introduction facts about the ‘Big 5’
- recent approaches to personality have used 5 trait approaches
- these traits reflect consistent dimensions in previous theories
state the 5 sections of the ‘big 5’
- neuroticism (negative emotions)
- extraversion (positive emotions)
- openness to experience (opposed to closed minded)
- agreeableness (opposed to antagonistic)
- conscientiousness (opposed to undirected)
what 2 scales can be used in the ‘big 5’ for - neuroticism (negative emotions)
calm - worrying
secure - insecure
what 2 scales can be used in the ‘big 5’ for - extraversion (positive emotions)
timid - bold
quiet - talkative
what 2 scales can be used in the ‘big 5’ for - openness to experience (opposed to closed minded)
unadventurous - daring
conventional - original
what 2 scales can be used in the ‘big 5’ for - agreeableness (opposed to antagonistic)
critical - lenient
uncooperative - helpful
what 2 scales can be used in the ‘big 5’ for - conscientiousness (opposed to undirected)
lax - scrupulous
ignorant - knowledgable
state the aim of the study by Gaydon and Murphy in 1955
aim is to investigate the effects of personality on social facilitation
state 4 facts about participant selection in Gaydon and Murphy’s study in 1955
- Eysenck’s personality inventory completed by 50 sports studies and PE students
- 10 introverts and 10 extroverts selected using thresholds of these traits
- introverts scored 19 or more
- extroverts scored 11 or less
explain the date to the study by Gaydon and Murphy in 1955
the date revealed that extroverts performed Bette (M = 24) than introverts (M = 18) in the presence of a crowd and extroverts performed worse (M = 18) than introverts (M = 26) with no audience
explain the meaning of the results by Gaydon and Murphy in 1955
the results suggest tat audience presence provokes arousal levels in introverts that are too high for optimal functioning but provokes arousal to helpful levels in extraverts (i.e. - personality constraints are meaningful)
