Self-Efficacy & Attribution Flashcards
Define self-confidence
One’s general belief that they have the ability to meet the demands of the situation
Define self-efficacy
The degree of self confidence in a specific situation
What does behaviour influence within self efficacy
Choice of activity
Effort Expenditure
Persistence
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
Proposed that as we learn + master skills we develop increased levels of SE.
He stated that levels of SE are affected by 4 different factors.
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
What are the 4 different factors that affect the levels of SE?
Performance Accomplishments
Vicarious Experiences
Verbal Persuasion
Emotional Arousal
(Descending order of influence on SE)
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
Explain Performance Accomplishments
If successful in previous performances = ⬆️ SE (vice versa)
A beginner must develop SE to deal w/ failure
Past failures leads to lower expectations + lowers the possibility of future success.
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
Explain Vicarious Experiences
If you watch someone perform a skill who is of a similar age + ability + they have success a the skill, your self-efficacy in that sport is likely to ⬆️.
“If they can do it, I can do it”
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
Explain Verbal Persuasion
Involves encouraging performers to think they can do the task.
Must be carried out by a significant other who’s opinion you value
Bandura’s model of Self-efficacy
Explain Emotional Arousal
The way performers interpret the arousal they feel will affect their feelings of confidence.
If +ive = SE will ⬆️
If -ive = SE will ⬇️
Stress management techniques used to help
List strategies to combat low self-efficacy
Performance accomplishments
Vicarious experiences
Verbal persuasion
Emotional Arousal
Ensure players are mentally + physically prepared
Give role of responsibility
1:1 support
STRATEGIES TO COMBAT LOW SELF-EFFICACY
Explain Performance accomplishments
Modify practises to provide opportunities for success.
+ive self talk
Watch recordings of previous successful experiences
Careful selection of comp.
STRATEGIES TO COMBAT LOW SELF-EFFICACY
Explain vicarious experiences
Watch good quality demonstrations - more effective if model is similar
STRATEGIES TO COMBAT LOW SELF-EFFICACY
Explain verbal persuasion
Praise
Encouragement
+ive fb
STRATEGIES TO COMBAT LOW SELF-EFFICACY
Explain emotional arousal
Imagery to visualise success
Priorities perf. goals over outcome goals
Avoid social comparisons
Attribution re-training
Stress management techniques
What did Bandura link with the expectancy of success
Found that those with high self-efficacy try harder + persist longer.
Whilst those with low self-efficacy give up in the face of difficulty attribute failure to internal courses + experience greater anxiety or depression.
Define attribution
Reasons for success or failure.
Weiner proposed that achievement is relations to the attribution we make.
What did Weiner conclude about the ways in which we tend to give reasons for winning or losing
Due to:
EFFORT
ABILITY
TASK DIFFICULTY
LUCK
And that these attributions can be categorised into 2 dimensions.
What are the 2 dimensions into which Weiner categorises the attributions for winning or losing
Locus of causality dimension = Internal, due to us or external.
Stability dimension = stable (no change in ST) or unstable (change in ST)
Explain Seiners model of attribution - not sports specific
1974
4 types of attribution (Ability, effort, task difficulty + luck).
Then organised them into 2 dimensions.
In 1979, added a 3rd attribution - Locus of control / controllability (there being under the control of the individual) vs uncontrollable attributions (under anyone’s control).
Why are attributions important in sport?
They can explain a performers:
- Future motivation
- Level of perf.
- Expectations
- Task persistence
What are the effects of attribution on self-confidence?
Internalising success = ⬆️ self confidence
Internalising failure = shame + incompetence
What can good attribution lead to?
Self-serving bias
Attribution retraining
What type of attribution is blaming the referee for a defeat
External + unstable
POWER OF ATTRIBUTION - GOOD ATTRIBUTION
Explain self serving bias
Biased in attributes to protect self-esteem
Attribute success to internal reasons i.e passed better
Attribute failure to external reasons i.e poor refereeing
POWER OF ATTRIBUTION - GOOD ATTRIBUTION
Explain attribution re-training
Coach needs to ensure success is attributed to stable, internal + controllable factors and that when failure occurs that it is external or unstable.
What are the 3 ways to programme of attribution retraining
- Record + discuss attributions for success + failure
- Use video to analyse performance + adjust attribution
- Devise a clear goal setting programme
What are the errors in attribution?
Self-serving bias
Actor-observe effect
Incorrect attributions + gender bias
ERROS IN ATTRIBUTION
Explain actor-observer effect
Attributions differ as to whether the individual is an actor or an observer:
ACTOR = External factors i.e “dropped the catch because the sun was in my eye”
OBSERVER = Internal factors i.e “She dropped the catch because she wasn’t concentrating”.
ERROS IN ATTRIBUTION
Explain incorrect attributions + gender bias
Lenney, 1977 - Females have lower expectations of success.
That females attribute:
- SUCCESS to luck (unstable + external)
- FAILURE to lack of ability (internal + stable)
WHEREAS
Males attribute SUCCESS to ability (internal + stable) + FAILURE to external factors.
Explain Dweck’s theory of LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Failure is inevitable.
Caused by attributing failure to stable, internal uncontrollable factors, esp. lack of ability.
2 types:
SPECIFIC = “I’m useless at squash”
GLOBAL = “I’m useless at sport”
What are the links with self-esteem + disaffection w/ physical activity
Those who experience learned helplessness see failure as the result of inevitable, uncontrollable factors.
Ind. learn that failure is inevitable so become demotivated.
Self Esteem is how a person sees themselves so ind. w/ low SE are more likely to blame themselves for failure.
Dweck argues that learned helpless children attribute their failure to things they have no control over i.e lack of ability.
What do NAF people tend to attribute?
Success to external + unstable attributions
Failure to internal + stable attributions
NAF people tend to attribute:
Success to external + unstable attributions
Failure to internal + stable attributions
What do they maintain by attributing this way?
Low motivation to achieve
+
May experienced learned helplessness
Define attribution retraining
Means of changing the attributions people make so they will have a +ive effect.
