Attitudes & Groups Flashcards
Define attitude
Complex mix of feelings, beliefs + values
Predisposes someone to behave towards something or someone in a consistent way
What can attitude be towards
Object
Situation
Event
Person
What is the triadic model of attitudes
Cognitive component
Affective component
Behavioural component
Define the cognitive component
Reflects beliefs or info you have about the attitude object.
i.e dance is for girls
Define the affective component
Emotions, feelings, +ive or -ive evaluation of the attitude object.
Helps determine direction of behaviour.
Define the behavioural component
Reflects the intended behaviour/action towards the attitude object
According to Triandis, what forms attitudes?
Past experiences
Coaches/Parents/Peers
Media prejudice
Conditioning
Define prejudice
A preformed opinion or judgement on someone, based on irrational stereotypical views.
Define the social norm
A rule that is socially enforced that can apply to appropriate or inappropriate values, beliefs or attitudes
What are the 3 different ways of direct measures
Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
Thurstone Scale
Define the likert scale
Easy to construct, valid + reliable
Even number of +ive + -ive statements about attitude object i.e sport
Responses are to statements on a 5 point scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree.
Define the Semantic differential scale
Devised by Osgood
Each q. consists of 2 opposite words describing the attitude object w/ 7 points between each pair of words.
Person selects a point between the 2 extremes
i.e GOOD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BAD
Define the thurstone scale
Measures HOW +ive or -ive an attitude is
List of statements ranging from unfavourable to favourable are devised
list 3 problems to questionaries
Respondents putting what they THINK they should
Failing to understand question
Leading statement acc might change attitude
What are the indirect measures
Physiological tests - HR, sweating
Observation of Behaviour
Observation of non-verbal behaviour
What are the 2 ways in which attitudes can be changed
Persuasive Communication Theory
Cognitive dissonance theory
What are the 4 elements to the persuasive communication theory
Persuader - needs to have high status
Message - clear + appropriate
Recipients - need to want changes
Situation - better if other persuaders also present
Explain the Cognitive dissonance theory
If a person holds 2 opposing ideas, discomfort arises. = this emotional conflict is called DISSONANCE
To ⬇️ this feeling of dissonance one of the ideas needs to be reduced = changing the attitude.
Consonance = Components in line Dissonance = Components NOT in line
How is dissonance accomplished?
By changing 1 or more components of the triadic model to positive thoughts.
what are the 3 components in the Cognitive dissonance theory
The triadic model —
Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural
How may a coach use cognitive dissonance?
Player can receive new info
If a session is fun - may help to change opinion
Rewards - i.e player of the week
Role model to encourage participation
Give 4 examples of group norms in a team
Early night before match
30 mins early to the game
Wear correct kit
Warm up
Define co-action
When others do the task at the same time but separately
Define interaction
When a group works together to produce results
With what type of cohesion is a team more likely to be successful?
High task cohesion
What happens if there’s social cohesion but NO task cohesion?
Less successful teams
According to Carron what are the antecedents to cohesion (factors that influence cohesion)
Personal Factors – i.e age + experience
Environmental/situational factors – i.e size of group
Team factors – i.e shared goals, stability
Leadership – i.e democratic
How can the coach develop cohesion? (5)
Team-building + bonding so players get to know each other
Ensure players know own roles as well as others
Develop interactive drills + skills
Encourage group identity i.e hoodies
Minimise changes in group members to maintain stability
What are the 3 theories/models of group performance?
Steiner’s model of group performance
Ringlemann effect
Social loafing
Define Steiner’s model of group performance
Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
Steiner’s model of group performance
What can losses due to faulty processes include
Co-ordination problems
Motivational problems
How can a coach work with a sports team to reduce losses due to faulty processes
Developing + practising strategies to ⬇️ coordination losses - i.e set moves
Ensuring team members understand roles + maintain opt motivation levels
Define Ringlemann effect
Rope pulling task - 1,2,3,8
== Average individual performance ⬇️ as group size ⬆️
Define social loafing
Reduced effort an INDIVIDUAL exerts when working w/ others.
Performance can drop to 90% when w/ 1 other + 50% when w/ 7 others
What reasons can there be for social loafing
Not wanting to do all the work if others aren’t committed
Assuming other players will cover up lack of effort
Own effort not being recognised
How can you avoid social loafing? (4)
Value individual contributions
Use notational analysis to monitor individuals contributions i.e rugby players have trackers on their backs
Improve team spirit through social activities
Emphasise group goals
Steiner’s model of group performance - Losses due to faulty processes
Give examples of:
Co-ordination losses/problems
Tactical misunderstandings
Poor teamwork
Lack of unity
=== Especially for sports that rely on players interacting with each other extensively.
Steiner’s model of group performance - Losses due to faulty processes
Give examples of:
Motivational losses/problems
Social loafing
More players means some can ‘hide’
Over-reliance on star players
Ringlemann effect = more players leads to difficulties in coordination + communication
