Aggression & Motivation Flashcards
Define aggression
Generally the intention to harm outside the laws of the sport
What are the 3 types of aggression
Hostile
Instrumental / Channelled
Assertive
TYPE OF AGGRESSION
Define hostile aggression
Primary intention to harm
Inflicted w/ anger
Outside of rules
i.e Spear tackle in rugby
TYPE OF AGGRESSION
Define instrumental / channeled aggression
Behaviour clearly likely to cause harm but intention to achieve a different aim
No anger
Outside of rules
i.e Prevent opposition from scoring a goal
TYPE OF AGGRESSION
Define assertive behaviour
No intention to harm
Legitimate force
Within rules
i.e rushing the net in tennis
What is the relationship between aggression and assertion
Frustration ⬆️ = aggression
⬇️ Frustration + control = assertion
What are the 4 theories of aggression
Instinct theories
Social Learning theory
Frustration - Aggression theory
Aggressive cue theory
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Explain instinct theories
Aggression is INNATE, a trait of violence in everyone.
Aggressive energy constantly builds
up.
Needs to be released, sport is a good outlet and acts as catharsis
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
What are the arguments against instinct theories
Levels of aggression tend to ⬆️ when playing sport that may not be displayed outside of sport
Aggression differs between cultures
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Explain social learning theory
Aggression is learned by observing others or by social reinforcement
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Explain Frustration - Aggression theory
Frustration leads to aggression
Anger, hostility and violence are always the outcome when we are prevented from achieving our goals. …
Our attempt to achieve a goal is blocked by some external factor, which results in frustration. This creates an aggression drive, which leads to aggressive behaviour.
OR
This hypothesis suggests that aggression is inevitable when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated. It proposes that:
■ frustrationleadstoaggression
■ thereleaseofaggressioncanlowertheleveloffrustration
■ ifaggressionisnotreleasedorispunished,furtherfrustrationcan
lead to further aggression
■ forexample,ifafootballeriscontinuallypreventedfrom
achieving their goal to cross a ball, they may become frustrated and aggressive
Define frustration
Blocking of a goal-oriented behaviour, causing drive to be aggressive towards source of frustration.
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
What are the arguments against frustration-aggression theory
Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression
Doesn’t account for situational factors
THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
Explain Aggressive Cue theory
Frustration causes arousal; arousal produces a ‘heightened state’ which can boil over due to cues
in the environment; sport-related aggressive cues include objects, sport, people and places
associated with aggression, frustration builds but aggression only released when socially desirable
cue present for example ref can’t see you/coach encourages you to be aggressive.
i.e
Aggression-related ACTIVITY – Rugby
Aggression-related PEOPLE – specific player, coach or fan
Aggression-related PLACES – a pitch where an aggressive incident had occurred previously
Give 5 causes to aggression
Hostile crowd
Type of sport - i.e contact
Biased officiating
Score - facing defeat
Importance of game
List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled externally
Punishment
Withdraw violent players
Emphasis on +ive role models
Reinforcement of non-aggressive behaviour
List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled internally
Stress Management techniques
Withdraw self from situation
Performance goals
Change attitude
List 2 specific strategies a referee can use to reduce aggression
Apply rules correctly, consistently using authority and control.
Punish aggressive behaviour
Define motivation
Desire to achieve + succeed to fulfill physiological + psychological needs.
= Directs behaviour.
Can be:
- Intrinsic = Motivation from within - Shows itself as a feeling of pride and satisfaction once task is complete
- Extrinsic = Comes from an external source - Can be presented as tangible or intangible rewards
Difference between intangible and tangible rewards
Tangible = Physical or can be touched
i.e Badges, trophies, money…
Intangible = Non physical
i.e Praise
Applause
National recognition
Who concluded that adding an external reward can undermine and replace any intrinsic motivation present
Deci in 1971
Which type of motivation is better
Intrinsic as it’s stronger and longer lasting
List 4 disadvantages of too much extrinsic motivation
May lead to loss of intrinsic mot/loss of love of the game
May become dependent on it
Too much pressure could lead to cheating
Removal of extrinsic reward may lead to loss of motivation
What are the 4 main motives as to why people participate in sport and exercise
Physical well being
Psychological well being
Improvement of performance
Assertive achievement (completing personal challenges)
List 5 strategies to maintain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
Make activity fun
Point out health benefits
Breaking skill down into parts to allow success on each part
Setting achievable goals
Use +ive feedback to inspire + correct errors
How can goal setting affect performance?
By directing attention - focus
Regulating amount of effort that is put into the task - practise is planned + structured
By ensuring effort is sustained until the goal is reached
Motivating
List the 6 types of goals
Outcome
Performance
Process-orientated
Long-term
Intermediate
Short-term
Define outcome goals
End result
i.e winning a gold medal
Define performance goals
Comparison w/ previous performances.
Believed to be most effective in controlling anxiety + maintaining motivation.
i.e PB
Define process-orientated goals
How to become successful
i.e master short corner routine in order to win league
Define long term goals
1 year?
Achieving this is a progressive process made up of intermediate + short term goals
Define intermediate goals
3 months?
Define short term goals
Provide reasonably quick success which can build confidence assisting in achieving the long term goal
What must goals be
SMART
MEASURABLE
AGREED
REALISTIC
TIME-PHASED
How can the coach help the performer commit to goals? (4)
Rewards for progress
Being supportive
Regular feedback
Explain reasons for goal setting
Define achievement motivation and who’s theory was it?
Individuals drive to achieve success for own sake. Seen as a personality trait.
Calculated by:
Desire to succeed - fear of failure
Atkinson’s theory - 1974
What 2 factors did Atkinson propose that affect a persons level of achievement motivation?
Personality of Performer
Situational factors
Explain what Atkinson meant about personality of performer factors?
That within our personality we have:
- the need to achieve (NACH)
- the need to avoid failure (NAF)
Define someone who has a NACH personality
Motivated to achieve success for feelings of pride + satisfaction
Define someone who has a NAF personality
Motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience feelings of shame of humiliation
List 4 characteristics to someone who has a NACH personality
Persists for longer
Completes tasks efficiently and quickly
Willing to take risks
Values feedback
List 4 characteristics of someone who has a NAF personality
Avoids challenges
Gives up easily
Dislikes feedback
Dislikes 50:50 situations
Explain what Atkinson meant about situational factors
Claims that performer assesses task difficulty and the incentive value of success
What motivation types do high achievers in sport tend to have?
High levels of NACH
Low levels of NAF
What motivation types do low achievers in sport tend to have?
Low levels of NACH
High levels of NAF
How can a coach increase NACH behaviour? (4)
+ive reinforcement to ⬆️ feelings of pride
setting tasks that have a choice of difficulty
Focusing any -ive feedback on effort rather than ability
⬆️ task difficulty as self esteem improves
Give a sporting example to NAF behaviour
Goal shooter who only shoots close to the post in netball
Give a sporting example to NACH behaviour
Tennis player who attempts to serve an ace on their second serve when they are a break point down
What did Martens propose in sports is the motive to achieve success + motive to avoid failure
Competitive trait anxiety
Competitiveness
Define Competitive trait anxiety
Tendency to see competitive situations as threatening + to respond w/ feelings of tension
Define Competitiveness
Motive to approach success in sport competition.
What were the 3 dimensions in the Sport orientation questionnaire to measure competitiveness
Competitiveness
Win orientation
Goal orientation
Define win orientation
Desire to win interpersonal competitive sporting events
Define goal orientation
Desire to reach personal goals in sport
Who proposed that the Achievement Motivation develops in 3 stages?
What are they?
Veroff in 1969
- Autonomous competence stage
- Social comparison stage
- Integrated stage
Define the autonomous competence stage
Up to 5 years old
Concerned on mastering skills
Rarely compare to others
Set their own goals
Define the social comparison stage
From 6 Yeats old
Like to progress if they enjoy competition + use fb Gained
Define the integrated stage
No fixed age as depends on maturation
Reached when internal + external standards are used to evaluate performance
What are the 4C’s of mental preparation for goal setting?
Confidence
Control
Concentration
Commitment
4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING
Explain confidence
Self belief in own ability.
i.e 5000m runner being confident that they have completed enough training to win their race.
4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING
Explain control
Control or arousal + anxiety when put under pressure.
i.e 5000m runner needs to stay in control when they find themselves ‘boxed in’ w/ 1 lap remaining in order for them to win the race.
4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING
Explain concentration
Focused attention to become absorbed in competition. Directing their attention to the right cues to perform well.
i.e 5000m runner needs to conc. on no. of laps they have left.
4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING
Explain commitment
Motivation + adherence
i.e 5000m runner committing to long training sessions.
