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P.E - Sports Psychology > Aggression & Motivation > Flashcards

Aggression & Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define aggression

A

Generally the intention to harm outside the laws of the sport

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of aggression

A

Hostile

Instrumental / Channelled

Assertive

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3
Q

TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define hostile aggression

A

Primary intention to harm

Inflicted w/ anger

Outside of rules

i.e Spear tackle in rugby

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4
Q

TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define instrumental / channeled aggression

A

Behaviour clearly likely to cause harm but intention to achieve a different aim

No anger

Outside of rules

i.e Prevent opposition from scoring a goal

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5
Q

TYPE OF AGGRESSION

Define assertive behaviour

A

No intention to harm

Legitimate force

Within rules

i.e rushing the net in tennis

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6
Q

What is the relationship between aggression and assertion

A

Frustration ⬆️ = aggression

⬇️ Frustration + control = assertion

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7
Q

What are the 4 theories of aggression

A

Instinct theories

Social Learning theory

Frustration - Aggression theory

Aggressive cue theory

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8
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain instinct theories

A

Aggression is INNATE, a trait of violence in everyone.

Aggressive energy constantly builds
up.

Needs to be released, sport is a good outlet and acts as catharsis

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9
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

What are the arguments against instinct theories

A

Levels of aggression tend to ⬆️ when playing sport that may not be displayed outside of sport

Aggression differs between cultures

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10
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain social learning theory

A

Aggression is learned by observing others or by social reinforcement

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11
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain Frustration - Aggression theory

A

Frustration leads to aggression

Anger, hostility and violence are always the outcome when we are prevented from achieving our goals. …

Our attempt to achieve a goal is blocked by some external factor, which results in frustration. This creates an aggression drive, which leads to aggressive behaviour.

OR

This hypothesis suggests that aggression is inevitable when goals are blocked and the performer becomes frustrated. It proposes that:
■ frustrationleadstoaggression
■ thereleaseofaggressioncanlowertheleveloffrustration
■ ifaggressionisnotreleasedorispunished,furtherfrustrationcan
lead to further aggression
■ forexample,ifafootballeriscontinuallypreventedfrom
achieving their goal to cross a ball, they may become frustrated and aggressive

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12
Q

Define frustration

A

Blocking of a goal-oriented behaviour, causing drive to be aggressive towards source of frustration.

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13
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

What are the arguments against frustration-aggression theory

A

Frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression

Doesn’t account for situational factors

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14
Q

THEORIES OF AGGRESSION

Explain Aggressive Cue theory

A

Frustration causes arousal; arousal produces a ‘heightened state’ which can boil over due to cues
in the environment; sport-related aggressive cues include objects, sport, people and places

associated with aggression, frustration builds but aggression only released when socially desirable
cue present for example ref can’t see you/coach encourages you to be aggressive.

i.e

Aggression-related ACTIVITY – Rugby
Aggression-related PEOPLE – specific player, coach or fan
Aggression-related PLACES – a pitch where an aggressive incident had occurred previously

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15
Q

Give 5 causes to aggression

A

Hostile crowd

Type of sport - i.e contact

Biased officiating

Score - facing defeat

Importance of game

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16
Q

List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled externally

A

Punishment

Withdraw violent players

Emphasis on +ive role models

Reinforcement of non-aggressive behaviour

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17
Q

List 4 ways in which aggression can be controlled internally

A

Stress Management techniques

Withdraw self from situation

Performance goals

Change attitude

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18
Q

List 2 specific strategies a referee can use to reduce aggression

A

Apply rules correctly, consistently using authority and control.

Punish aggressive behaviour

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19
Q

Define motivation

A

Desire to achieve + succeed to fulfill physiological + psychological needs.

= Directs behaviour.

Can be:

  • Intrinsic = Motivation from within - Shows itself as a feeling of pride and satisfaction once task is complete
  • Extrinsic = Comes from an external source - Can be presented as tangible or intangible rewards
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20
Q

Difference between intangible and tangible rewards

A

Tangible = Physical or can be touched
i.e Badges, trophies, money…

Intangible = Non physical
i.e Praise
Applause
National recognition

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21
Q

Who concluded that adding an external reward can undermine and replace any intrinsic motivation present

A

Deci in 1971

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22
Q

Which type of motivation is better

A

Intrinsic as it’s stronger and longer lasting

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23
Q

List 4 disadvantages of too much extrinsic motivation

A

May lead to loss of intrinsic mot/loss of love of the game

May become dependent on it

Too much pressure could lead to cheating

Removal of extrinsic reward may lead to loss of motivation

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24
Q

What are the 4 main motives as to why people participate in sport and exercise

A

Physical well being

Psychological well being

Improvement of performance

Assertive achievement (completing personal challenges)

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25
Q

List 5 strategies to maintain intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

A

Make activity fun

Point out health benefits

Breaking skill down into parts to allow success on each part

Setting achievable goals

Use +ive feedback to inspire + correct errors

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26
Q

How can goal setting affect performance?

A

By directing attention - focus

Regulating amount of effort that is put into the task - practise is planned + structured

By ensuring effort is sustained until the goal is reached

Motivating

27
Q

List the 6 types of goals

A

Outcome

Performance

Process-orientated

Long-term

Intermediate

Short-term

28
Q

Define outcome goals

A

End result

i.e winning a gold medal

29
Q

Define performance goals

A

Comparison w/ previous performances.

Believed to be most effective in controlling anxiety + maintaining motivation.

i.e PB

30
Q

Define process-orientated goals

A

How to become successful

i.e master short corner routine in order to win league

31
Q

Define long term goals

A

1 year?

Achieving this is a progressive process made up of intermediate + short term goals

32
Q

Define intermediate goals

A

3 months?

33
Q

Define short term goals

A

Provide reasonably quick success which can build confidence assisting in achieving the long term goal

34
Q

What must goals be

A

SMART

MEASURABLE

AGREED

REALISTIC

TIME-PHASED

35
Q

How can the coach help the performer commit to goals? (4)

A

Rewards for progress

Being supportive

Regular feedback

Explain reasons for goal setting

36
Q

Define achievement motivation and who’s theory was it?

A

Individuals drive to achieve success for own sake. Seen as a personality trait.

Calculated by:

Desire to succeed - fear of failure

Atkinson’s theory - 1974

37
Q

What 2 factors did Atkinson propose that affect a persons level of achievement motivation?

A

Personality of Performer

Situational factors

38
Q

Explain what Atkinson meant about personality of performer factors?

A

That within our personality we have:

  • the need to achieve (NACH)
  • the need to avoid failure (NAF)
39
Q

Define someone who has a NACH personality

A

Motivated to achieve success for feelings of pride + satisfaction

40
Q

Define someone who has a NAF personality

A

Motivated to avoid failure in order not to experience feelings of shame of humiliation

41
Q

List 4 characteristics to someone who has a NACH personality

A

Persists for longer

Completes tasks efficiently and quickly

Willing to take risks

Values feedback

42
Q

List 4 characteristics of someone who has a NAF personality

A

Avoids challenges

Gives up easily

Dislikes feedback

Dislikes 50:50 situations

43
Q

Explain what Atkinson meant about situational factors

A

Claims that performer assesses task difficulty and the incentive value of success

44
Q

What motivation types do high achievers in sport tend to have?

A

High levels of NACH

Low levels of NAF

45
Q

What motivation types do low achievers in sport tend to have?

A

Low levels of NACH

High levels of NAF

46
Q

How can a coach increase NACH behaviour? (4)

A

+ive reinforcement to ⬆️ feelings of pride

setting tasks that have a choice of difficulty

Focusing any -ive feedback on effort rather than ability

⬆️ task difficulty as self esteem improves

47
Q

Give a sporting example to NAF behaviour

A

Goal shooter who only shoots close to the post in netball

48
Q

Give a sporting example to NACH behaviour

A

Tennis player who attempts to serve an ace on their second serve when they are a break point down

49
Q

What did Martens propose in sports is the motive to achieve success + motive to avoid failure

A

Competitive trait anxiety

Competitiveness

50
Q

Define Competitive trait anxiety

A

Tendency to see competitive situations as threatening + to respond w/ feelings of tension

51
Q

Define Competitiveness

A

Motive to approach success in sport competition.

52
Q

What were the 3 dimensions in the Sport orientation questionnaire to measure competitiveness

A

Competitiveness

Win orientation

Goal orientation

53
Q

Define win orientation

A

Desire to win interpersonal competitive sporting events

54
Q

Define goal orientation

A

Desire to reach personal goals in sport

55
Q

Who proposed that the Achievement Motivation develops in 3 stages?

What are they?

A

Veroff in 1969

  1. Autonomous competence stage
  2. Social comparison stage
  3. Integrated stage
56
Q

Define the autonomous competence stage

A

Up to 5 years old

Concerned on mastering skills

Rarely compare to others

Set their own goals

57
Q

Define the social comparison stage

A

From 6 Yeats old

Like to progress if they enjoy competition + use fb Gained

58
Q

Define the integrated stage

A

No fixed age as depends on maturation

Reached when internal + external standards are used to evaluate performance

59
Q

What are the 4C’s of mental preparation for goal setting?

A

Confidence

Control

Concentration

Commitment

60
Q

4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING

Explain confidence

A

Self belief in own ability.

i.e 5000m runner being confident that they have completed enough training to win their race.

61
Q

4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING

Explain control

A

Control or arousal + anxiety when put under pressure.

i.e 5000m runner needs to stay in control when they find themselves ‘boxed in’ w/ 1 lap remaining in order for them to win the race.

62
Q

4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING

Explain concentration

A

Focused attention to become absorbed in competition. Directing their attention to the right cues to perform well.

i.e 5000m runner needs to conc. on no. of laps they have left.

63
Q

4C’s of MENTAL PREPARATION FOR GOAL SETTING

Explain commitment

A

Motivation + adherence

i.e 5000m runner committing to long training sessions.

P.E - Sports Psychology (6 decks)

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