Self Control

Question 1

What are the three kinds of forces that give rise to acts of aggression?

Answer 1

Nature of the situation
Construal Process
Self-construals

Question 2

Nature of situation

Answer 2

racial dynamics, parking lot, economic conditions, dynamics between police officers and citizens, appearance of the neighbourhood etc…

Question 3

Construal Processes

Answer 3

How people perceive the context, threatening or not, how they perceive other people can influence their decision making process as well.

Question 4

Self-Construals

Answer 4

Perception of one’s own role within the unfolding interaction, when officers wear body cameras their self-awareness is heightened, this shift leads them to use weapons less often.

Question 5

General aggression model

Answer 5

Broad approach to understanding the causes of aggression through a focus on situational factors, construal factors and biological and cultural contributions

Question 6

Situational Determinants of Aggression

Answer 6

It is striking how quickly things become violent. Explanations of aggression vary according to whether the behaviour is hostile or instrumental.

Question 7

Hostile aggression

Answer 7

Refers to behaviour motivated by feelings of anger and hostility, primary aim is to harm the person, physically or physiologically. Murder of George Floyd emerged out of hostility, Chauvin had long history of aggression against citizens.

Question 8

Instrumental aggression

Answer 8

Refers to intention to harm another person in the service of motives rather than pure hostility. To gain status, attract attention, acquire wealth, advance political and ideological causes.

Question 9

What does hot weather do to behaviour?

Answer 9

Hot weather makes people angry - that is where the terms “boiling over”, “steamed” etc.

Question 10

Does violence portrayed in the media make people more aggressive?

Answer 10

Yes. Especially influential, when the viewer relates oneself to the perpetrator or see the act as justified against ‘bad people’ when they identify with the offensor.

Question 11

Five ways playing violent video games makes more violence likely.

Answer 11

• Increase aggressive behaviour, giving more intense punishments
• Reduce prosocial behaviour
• Increase aggressive thoughts, world is a hostile place or some are deserving of aggression
• Increase in aggressive emotions, especially anger
• Increase blood pressure and heart rate.

Question 12

Reactions to Social Rejection and Aggression

Answer 12

Prosocial behaviour
Seeking out allies
Social isolation, withdrawal or aggression

Question 13

What is the MacDonald and Leary hypothesis?

Answer 13

Because people depended on one another for primary needs, food shelter, etc. Any rejection from someone of the same species triggers one’s fight or flight response. The body treats it as if it were life or death.

Question 14

What is the social comparison theory?

Answer 14

the idea that people compare themselves to other people to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities and internal states

Question 15

What are Self-schemas?

Answer 15

a cognitive structure derived from past experience, that represents a person’s beliefs and feelings about the self, in both general and specific situations

Question 16

What is Working self-concept?

Answer 16

a subset of self-knowledge that is brought to mind in a particular context

Question 17

What are Social identities?

Answer 17

the parts of a persons sense of self that are derived from group memberships
People choose which social group they see as part of their sense of self

Question 18

What is Self-stereotyping?

Answer 18

the phenomenon whereby people come to define themselves in terms of traits, norms, and values that they associate with a social group when their identity as a member of that group is salient

Question 19

What are the contingencies of self worth?

Answer 19

the thesis that peoples self-esteem is contingent on their successes and failures in domains they deem important to their self-worth

Question 20

What is the sociometer hypothesis?

Answer 20

the idea that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index or marker of the extent to which a person in included or looked on favorably by others
How likely we are to be included or excluded by others

Question 21

What is Self-Enhancement?

Answer 21

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one‘s positive self-views

Question 22

What is the Better-than-average effect?

Answer 22

the finding that most people think they’re above average on various personality trait and ability dimensions

Question 23

What is the Self-affirmation theory?

Answer 23

the idea that people can maintain an overall sense of self-worth after being exposed to psychologically threatening information by affirming a valued aspect of themselves unrelated to the threat

Question 24

What is the Self-verification theory?

Answer 24

The theory that people strive for others to view them as they view themselves; such verification of one’s views of the self helps people maintain a sense of coherence and predictability

Question 25

What is Self regulation?

Answer 25

processes by which people initiate and control their behaviour in the pursuit of goals, including the ability to resist short term rewards that thwart the attainment of long-term goals

Question 26

What is the self-discrepancy effect?

Answer 26

theory that behaviour is motivated by standards reflecting ideal and ought selfs; falling short of these standards elicits specific emotions and may lead to efforts to get closer to them

Question 27

What are the actual self, ideal self, and the ought self?

Answer 27

Actual self: the self that people believe they are
Ideal self: the self that embodies peoples wishes and aspirations
Ought self: the self that is concerned with the duties, obligations and external demands people feel that are compelled to honour

According to this theory your ideal and ought self serve as self-guides, motivating you to regulate their behaviour in order to close the gap between their actual self and their ideal or ought self

Question 28

What is promotion focus?

Answer 28

self-regulation of behaviour with respect to ideal self standards; a focus on attaining positive outcomes through approach-related behaviours

Question 29

What is Prevention focus?

Answer 29

self-regulation of behaviour with respect to ought-self standards: a focus on avoiding negative outcomes through avoidance-related behaviours

Question 30

What are Automatic Self-Control Strategies?

Answer 30

Implementable intention: an “if then” plan to engage in a goal-directed behaviour (then) whenever a particular cue (if) is encountered
Research shows that forming multiple smaller implementation intntions related to this goal increases likelihood of attaining it
Forming these can reduce anxiety in anxiety invoking events

Question 31

What is Self-presentation?

Answer 31

presenting the person we would like others to believe we are

Question 32

What is self-monitoring?

Answer 32

the tendency to monitor ones behaviour to fit the current situation