Self-affirmation, Illusions and Mindset Flashcards
What is the hindsight bias?
People’s tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted the outcome
What is a hypothesis?
A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances
What is a theory?
A set of related propositions intended to describe some phenomenon or aspect of the world
More general than a hypothesis
What is the dissonance theory?
People like their thoughts to be consistent with one another and with their actions and will do substantial mental work to achieve such cognitive consistency
What is a thought experiment?
A speculation of the results you may get under two different sets of circumstances
What is participant observation?
Observing from a close range
Sometimes actively joining the group benign observed
What is archival research?
Looking at data from the archives
Newspapers, police reports, etc…
What are convience samples?
Proportions that are very skewed away from the actual proportions in the population as a whole
What is the difference between correlation and experimental research?
Correlation research is measuring two or more variables and assessing whether there is a relationship between them
experimental research is randomly assigns people to different conditions or situations enabling researchers to make strong inferences about why a relationship exists or how different situations effect behaviour
What is Self-selection?
In correlational research, the situation in which the participant, rather than the researcher, determines the participants level of each variable
How many hours they play video games or if the are single or not
What is longitudinal study?
Conducted at different points in time with the same participants
What is the difference between a dependent and independent variable?
Independent variable - This variable is measured and manipulated
Dependent variable - This variable is measured
What is the External Validity in Experiments
How well the results od a study generalize to contexts outside the conditions of the laboratory
What are field experiments?
An experiment conducted in the real world - not in a lab - usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind
What is the internal validity?
In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results
What are the threats to internal validity?
Selection bias
Differential attribution
Regression to the mean
Experimenter/rater bias
Expectancy/hawthorne effect
Selection bias
Not random selection
Differential attribution
If many people drop out from one condition than another, the people who stay in the more taxing or upsetting condition are likely to be different from those in the other condition, thus undermining the assignment
Regression to the mean
If people are in the study because they’re extreme on the variable of interest, they are likely to be less extreme even if nothing is done
Experimenter/rater bias
If rater knows what the hypothesis is they may be subject to bias
Expectancy/hawthorne effect
Participants may be subject to bias if they know the purpose of the experiment
Thus a double blind is used so neither the rater or the participant can be bias
What is Measurement validity?
The correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict
What is Statistical Significance and how do you determine it?
A measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance
Determined by two factors
The size of the difference in results between the control and experimental groups
The number of cases on which the finding is based - more cases more significant
What is open science?
Practices such as sharing data and research materials with anyone in the broader scientific community in an effort to increase the integrity and replicability of scientific research
What are the ethical concerns in social psychology research
Institutional review board
Informed consent
Deception research
Debriefing
Basic science
Applied science
Intervention
What is the institutional review board?
A committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research
What is deception research?
Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or meaning of something that is done to them
What is basic science?
Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world
What is applied science?
Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems
What is intervention?
An effort to change a person’s behaviour.
