Self-affirmation, Illusions and Mindset

Question 1

What is the hindsight bias?

Answer 1

People’s tendency after learning about a given outcome to be overconfident about whether they could have predicted the outcome

Question 2

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 2

A prediction about what will happen under particular circumstances

Question 3

What is a theory?

Answer 3

A set of related propositions intended to describe some phenomenon or aspect of the world

More general than a hypothesis

Question 4

What is the dissonance theory?

Answer 4

People like their thoughts to be consistent with one another and with their actions and will do substantial mental work to achieve such cognitive consistency

Question 5

What is a thought experiment?

Answer 5

A speculation of the results you may get under two different sets of circumstances

Question 6

What is participant observation?

Answer 6

Observing from a close range

Sometimes actively joining the group benign observed

Question 7

What is archival research?

Answer 7

Looking at data from the archives

Newspapers, police reports, etc…

Question 8

What are convience samples?

Answer 8

Proportions that are very skewed away from the actual proportions in the population as a whole

Question 9

What is the difference between correlation and experimental research?

Answer 9

Correlation research is measuring two or more variables and assessing whether there is a relationship between them

experimental research is randomly assigns people to different conditions or situations enabling researchers to make strong inferences about why a relationship exists or how different situations effect behaviour

Question 10

What is Self-selection?

Answer 10

In correlational research, the situation in which the participant, rather than the researcher, determines the participants level of each variable

How many hours they play video games or if the are single or not

Question 11

What is longitudinal study?

Answer 11

Conducted at different points in time with the same participants

Question 12

What is the difference between a dependent and independent variable?

Answer 12

Independent variable - This variable is measured and manipulated

Dependent variable - This variable is measured

Question 13

What is the External Validity in Experiments

Answer 13

How well the results od a study generalize to contexts outside the conditions of the laboratory

Question 14

What are field experiments?

Answer 14

An experiment conducted in the real world - not in a lab - usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind

Question 15

What is the internal validity?

Answer 15

In experimental research, confidence that only the manipulated variable could have produced the results

Question 16

What are the threats to internal validity?

Answer 16

Selection bias
Differential attribution
Regression to the mean
Experimenter/rater bias
Expectancy/hawthorne effect

Question 17

Selection bias

Answer 17

Not random selection

Question 18

Differential attribution

Answer 18

If many people drop out from one condition than another, the people who stay in the more taxing or upsetting condition are likely to be different from those in the other condition, thus undermining the assignment

Question 19

Regression to the mean

Answer 19

If people are in the study because they’re extreme on the variable of interest, they are likely to be less extreme even if nothing is done

Question 20

Experimenter/rater bias

Answer 20

If rater knows what the hypothesis is they may be subject to bias

Question 21

Expectancy/hawthorne effect

Answer 21

Participants may be subject to bias if they know the purpose of the experiment

Thus a double blind is used so neither the rater or the participant can be bias

Question 22

What is Measurement validity?

Answer 22

The correlation between a measure and some outcome the measure is supposed to predict

Question 23

What is Statistical Significance and how do you determine it?

Answer 23

A measure of the probability that a given result could have occurred by chance

Determined by two factors

The size of the difference in results between the control and experimental groups

The number of cases on which the finding is based - more cases more significant

Question 24

What is open science?

Answer 24

Practices such as sharing data and research materials with anyone in the broader scientific community in an effort to increase the integrity and replicability of scientific research

Question 25

What are the ethical concerns in social psychology research

Answer 25

Institutional review board
Informed consent
Deception research
Debriefing
Basic science
Applied science
Intervention

Question 26

What is the institutional review board?

Answer 26

A committee that examines research proposals and makes judgements about the ethical appropriateness of the research

Question 27

What is deception research?

Answer 27

Research in which the participants are misled about the purpose of the research or meaning of something that is done to them

Question 28

What is basic science?

Answer 28

Science or research concerned with trying to understand some phenomenon in its own right, with a view that understanding to build valid theories about the nature of some aspect of the world

Question 29

What is applied science?

Answer 29

Science or research concerned with solving important real-world problems

Question 30

What is intervention?

Answer 30

An effort to change a person’s behaviour.