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personality and individual differences > self-actualisation/determination > Flashcards

self-actualisation/determination Flashcards

1
Q

the self is constantly ______ and ________ and growth may occur in ___________ direction(s) at once which may be _____________.

A

changing; evolving; multiple; uncomfortable

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2
Q

_________ psychology is the study of our deep potential for growth and development.

A

humanistic

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3
Q

according to carl rogers, actualisation is defined as the tendency to develop __________ in ways that maintained or __________ the organism and it is present in all living beings.

A

capabilities; enhanced

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4
Q

what is self-actualisation?

A

maintenance or enhancement of oneself

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5
Q

self actualisation means:

1) movement towards greater _______ and _____________.

2) enrichment of _____ and enhancement of _____

3) promotes ____, ____ and _____ which minimises _____ and _____

A

1) autonomy; self-sufficiency/independence

2) life; creativity

3) congruence; organisation; wholeness; disorganisation; incongruence

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6
Q

what is OVP?

A

Organismic Value Process

internal mechanism that helps us evaluate experiences in terms of growth, authenticity, and alignment with our true self (When experiences align with the OVP, they are seen as “self-actualizing”)

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7
Q

it’s human nature to self-actualise. why?

A

OVP organismic value process - internal mechanism that guides us to pursue goals that align with our true potential.

only when the things we do align with our growth, authenticity and true self, can we feel fulfilled and authentic aka fully functioning person.

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8
Q

what happens when we dont self-actualise?

A

nagging sense that something is off

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9
Q

what is a fully functioning person?

A

ppl who are self-actualising

open to experience feelings and not being threatened by them

trust feelings

experience and immerse themselves in the world

life filled with meaning, challenge, excitement but also risk of pain

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10
Q

can anyone just choose to be fully functioning?

A

yes

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11
Q

there are 2 kinds of positive regard, ____ and ___. what is the diff?

A

conditional and unconditional

conditional - affection contingent on behaviour meeting certain criteria (eg. i love you if you do this for me)

unconditional - affection with no strings attached (eg. i love you regardless of whether you do this for me or not)

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12
Q

what is conditional negative regard?

A

withdrawal of affection upon failure to meet certian criteria (eg. since you didnt do this for me, i dont love you)

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12
Q

standards or criteria that others (often parents, teachers, peers, etc.) set for us in order to receive love, acceptance, or approval are called what?

A

conditions of worth

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12
Q

what is positive regard? how many kinds are there?

A

positive regard - strong motive for love, friendship, acceptance from important others

2 kinds:
conditional - affection with conditions/criteria
unconditional - affection with no strings attached

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12
Q

what is conditional self-regard?

A

When others impose conditions of worth on us, we begin to evaluate ourselves based on the same conditions. Our sense of self-worth is now dependent on these conditions.

If we meet these conditions (e.g., succeeding academically, being “good,” or acting in ways that align with social norms), we feel worthy and valuable.

If we fail to meet these conditions, we may feel inadequate, unworthy, or even like we are not lovable.

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13
Q

why do we lean towards conditional self-regard when we should be self-actualising?

A

need for positive regard (love/acceptance) stronger than need to self-actualise

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14
Q

condition of worth always has a ____ or acceptance, either by others or oneself.

It is always _____ and pushes individual into doing things, preseventing _____.

In children what are the effects of imposing conditions of worth on them?

A

precondition

coercive; self-actualisation

reduces wellbeing, increases resentment towards parents

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15
Q

what is contingent self-worth?

these contingencies are motivating, but hinders self-actualisation. How so? (3 points)

A

using performance/success in certain areas of life to evaluate self-worth/acceptance

hinders self-actualisation because:
- more affected by failures and criticism
- narrow goals
- stressful and disruptive to relationships

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16
Q

state self -determination theory.

A

ed deci and richard ryan

self-determination theory - a life of growth, integrity and wellbeing requires the satisfaction of 3 needs:
- autonomy (self-determination)
- competence
- relatedness

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17
Q

self-determination theory - a life of growth, integrity and wellbeing requires the satisfaction of 3 needs. what are they?

A
  1. autonomy (self-determination)
  2. competence
  3. relatedness
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18
Q

1) actions/behaviours can be ___ (intrinsically interested and value to individual) and ____ (to satisfy external pressure, or entirely internally).

2) interest in behaviours will be higher if it is ____.

3) what can undermine self-determined activities and turn them into controlled ones?

4) what is the exception to (3)?

A

1) self-determined; controlled

2) self-determined

3) rewards

4) informative rewards that inform individual of his/her competency, without external rewards
- feedback, criticism

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19
Q

self-determined behaviours appear when motivations are ____ or ____. under _____. there are 2 kinds of regulation, ____ and ____.

A

autonomous extrinsic; intrinsic; autonomous extrinsic; identified; integrated

20
Q

autonomous extrinsic motivation vs intrinsic motivation

give an example for each.

A

autonomous extrinsic motivation - doing something for external reasons, but in a way that feels aligned with personal values, interests, or goals.
- Working on a job project that aligns with your career goals, even if there’s an external reward (e.g., money or recognition), but you’re motivated by your personal growth or future success
- Studying for a test because you value education and see how it will help you in your future, not just for the grade or external approval
- Exercising to stay healthy or maintain energy, not because of external rewards, but because you value your well-being.

intrinsic motivation - doing something becauase it is interesting, enjoyable, or satisfying
- Playing a musical instrument because you love music
- Reading a book because you enjoy the story
- Solving a puzzle because you find it satisfying

21
Q

self determined behaviours occur when motivations are ____ or ____. under ____, there are 2 kinds of regulation, ___ and ___. what is the difference between these 2 regulations?

A

autonomous extrinsic; intrinsic

autonomous extrinsic; identified; integrated

identified regulation - doing something because you see the value in it and it is important for personal goals or future success

integrated regulation - doing something because it is who you are (ie. activity fully aligns with person’s identity, true self)

22
Q

what 3 things does deci and ryan’s relatedness comprise of?

A
  1. open positive interactions with others
  2. genuine connection to others
  3. unconditional acceptance of others
23
Q

define self-concordance. what are the benefits of this?

A

pursuit of goals consistent with core values

benefits:
1. greater care and benefit from attaining goals aligned with core values, compared to those that do not
2. create longer-term spiral effect where people try harder, have more satisfying experiences, gain greater wellbeing and these motivate the next goal and so on.

24
Q

what is the cycle of self-concordant goals?

A

pursult of core goals –> greater effort –> higher success –> more satisfaction –> higher wellbeing

25
Q

define reactance.

A

assertion of freedom when threat to freedom is perceived

26
Q

what is the basis of the concept that perceptions of free will can be experimentally manipuated?

A

reactance - assertion of freedom when threat to freedom is perceived

27
Q

what is self-concept?

A

set of qualities a person sees as being part of themselves
- actual self - the way you actually are
- ideal self - the way you want to be

28
Q

self-actualization is often seen as the process of moving clsoer to the _____ self while reducing the gap between the _____ self (who we are currently) and the _____ self (who we aspire to be).

A

ideal; actual; ideal

29
Q

congruence means agreeability.

congruence between actual and ideal self is facilitated by _____.

congruence between actual self and experiences means that life experiences should ___ with who we are, if not, there would be _____. (eg. when we think we are kind by says something mean.)

A

self-actualisation

fit; incongruity

30
Q

self-verification vs self-protection by swann (1987)

A

Self-verification: You want others to see you as you see yourself, even if it’s not ideal.

Self-protection: You avoid feedback or situations that might harm your self-esteem.
eg. trying not to be aware of how actual and ideal selves are incongruent

31
Q

incongruence is defined by a _____ in the self that is detected by ____.

A

disorganisation; organismic value process (OVP)

32
Q

incongruence happens when:
1.
2.

it causes:
1.
2.

A

incongruence happens when:
1. gap between actual and ideal self is perceived
2. experiencing things that don’t fit self-image

it causes:
1. anxiety
2. low self-esteem

33
Q

what did the study by murray et al (2000) on self-concept and esteem show?

A

When people experience incongruence in their self-concept, they tend to underestimate the affection or care that others have for them, possibly due to insecurity or distorted self-perceptions.

34
Q

to avoid anxiety caused by incongruence, what do people do?

A

distort experience:
- rationalisation - creating plausible but untrue explanation or seeing an event for being different than it really is (eg. mean jokes)
- denial/avoidance

35
Q

defenses protect and enhance self-esteem under what 2 conditions?

A
  1. event must be either good (boost self-esteem) or bad (lower self-esteem)
  2. event must be attributable to that person (must feel they are responsible for the event)
36
Q

how do people defend against failure?

A
  1. create distance between failure and self (when far enough, self-esteem is not affected)
    - downplay personal responsibility, exaggerate external factors (blame others, eg. teacher didnt explain it well enough, so i failed)
  2. discount impact entirely (doesn’t matter, just a small setback)
37
Q

besides discounting the impact of failure entirely, another way to defend self from failure is to create distance between self and failure. how?

A

downplay personal responsibiliy, exaggerate external factors (ie. blame others not myself)
- when far enough, self-esteem is not affected

eg. teacher didnt explain it well enough, so i failed

38
Q

what is self-handicapping? (before and after failure explanation)

A

before they fail: acting to create the very conditions that tend to lead to failure (excuses/obstacles that prevent success), so that when you fail you dont feel bad and self esteem is protected

after they fail: attribute the failure to the obstacle they created (e.g., lack of preparation, illness, distractions), rather than to their own lack of ability or effort

39
Q

what is the stereotype threat?

A

stereotypes threat - people worry about reinforcing the negative stereotype people have about their group. this anxiety leads to impaired performance, reinforcing the very stereotype they fear.

2 key features:
1. worry/fear about confirming stereotype against them
2. this anxiety causes poor performance, reinforcing the stereotype

40
Q

when does disidentification occur?

what is the main effect?

A

Disidentification happens when people distance themselves from a group or activity to avoid the negative effects of stereotype threat they keep experiencing. They stop caring entirely.

effect: prevent true skill from being expressed

41
Q

maslow’s hierarchy of needs. from bottom to top.

A

physiological

safety

love/belonging

esteem

self-actualisation

42
Q

peak experiences:

at moments of ____ self-actualisation, there may be _______sense of connection to elements in ________. This is called ________, where colors seem _________, sounds are _________, and time may be ________. There will be feelings of ____, ____ and _____.

You are experiencing things as ____ as possible and you “become” the _______. This is called the ___ state according to _______. Not about what’s being done but ___.

This happens more in ____ than _________.

this experience is not self-actualisation but a step higher, called the _____.

A

intense; heightened; surrounding envt; perceptual clarity; sharper; clearer; distorted; awe; wonder; ecstasy

fully; experience; flow; csikszentmihalyi (1990); how

work; leisure

self-transcendence

43
Q

what is existential psychology (3 points)?

A
  1. all we have is existence and we are alone in an unfathomable universe
  2. so, we take responsibility for choice we make or don’t make - aka existential dilemma
  3. dasein
    - being in the world, to be here, to be there. WHAT??
    - my experience is an autonomous, separate and evolving entity. ?-_-?
    - people have no existence apart from the world, and world has no meaning apart from people. fml??

The existential dilemma is the tension between the freedom to make choices and the anxiety or responsibility that comes with knowing those choices are ours alone to make in a world that offers no inherent meaning. ??????????????

44
Q

what is dasein?

A

being in the world, to be here, to be there

person’s experience is an autonomous, separate and evolving entity

people have no existence apart from the world, and world has no meaning apart from people

i want to die

45
Q

on existentialism, existing and being,

life eventually ends with ______ which can come at any time and which does not discriminate how ___ anyone is.

awareness of this causes ____ (deep anguish and dread) as we balance the poles between _____ and ____.

so what do we do?

either ___ or ____, the former manifesting as not choosing authenticity and ____ along with no ___, ____ or _______.

life has no meaning until it is ______, where each individual must create or assign to their own life through their choices, actions, and values.

we are responsible for making every moment ____; to exist to the ____ of our _____.

A

death; self-actualised

angst; existence; non-existence

retreat into nothingness; have the courage to be; drifting; goals; commitment; responsibilities

ascribed

fulfilling; best; ability

46
Q

existential guilt and emptiness is ____, and simply the cost of ________.

even though we may strive to be responsible in our choices, perfect choices all the time is ____. we might fail to fulfil our ____, leading to ____.

emptiness occurs due to _________ to our _______. ______ to the forces that be can lead to __________ and __________.

A

inevitable/inescapable; living

impossible; possibilities; existential guilt

loss of commitment; values; powerlessness; meaninglessness; loss of dignity

47
Q

lack of congruity creates _____ issues and is exacerbated by focus on _________.

therapy is _________ the partially ______ self by ___________ the _________ processes to _______ the ________ between elements of _______.

______ of conditions of worth must be removed to allow fuller focus on _______ and eventual ______.

however, therapy shouldnt be taken to fulfil a _______.

A

psychological; conditions of worth

reintegrating; disorganised; reversing; defence; confront; discrepancies; experience

yoke; organismic valuing process (OVP); reintergation

condition of worth

48
Q

__________ is key to person-centered therapy and should be employed to facilitate _______. it assumes the tendency towards ______ is _______.

A

unconditional positive regard; reintegration; self-actualisation; intrinsic

49
Q

what is the therapist’s role in person-centered therapy?

A

to place a person in a situation where conditions of worth are not present, allowing reintegration of partially disorganised self to be possible

remove pressure of conditions of worth throughout

clarify feelings

restatement of content

50
Q

humanistic psychology is the study of our potential to _____.

to reach this potential is to ________ or attain ______.

A

grow

self-actualise; self-transcendence

personality and individual differences (9 decks)

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