learning perspective Flashcards
personality can be seen as the consolidation of all tendencies ________ across life.
learned
in classical conditioning, stimulus that produces _________ (aka ____) is paired with ______________ stimulus (___).
which stimulus causes no response other than being noticed? eg. flash of light, footsteps]
innate reflex; UCS; neutral; CS
neutral stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, connection btwn UCS (stimulus causing innate reflex) and CS (neutral stimulus) occurs through process of ___________.
acquisition
4 stages of classical conditioning
- existence of reflex (US–>UR)
- pairing of stimuli (US+CS–>UR)
- development of CR (US–>UR, CS–>CR)
- completion of conditioning (CS–>CR)
is CR or UCR more intense?
UCR
what causes conditioning to take place rapidly?
having a very strong UCS
what is anticipatory preparation?
when CS is presented, subject anticipates UCS and acts accordingly via CR
Pavlovian conditioning aka classical conditioning is more effective when CS slightly precedes/precedes long after US
slightly precedes. the longer the duration apart btwn the 2 events, the harder for the organism to form association btwn CS and UCS.
in extinction, ___ is weakened after repeated presentation of ____ without ____.
what is it called - unexpected reappearance of exitinguished response after time delay.
CR; CS; UCS
spontaneous recovery
discrimination vs generalisation
generalization is about responding to similar stimuli (CR to any bell sound), whereas discrimination involves distinguishing between stimuli (CR to a specific tone of the bell only)
classical conditioning can affect _______ and ____________.
it can be used to explain affective aspects of personality - ___________ conditioning.
what are 3 kinds of emotional conditioning mentioned in the slides?
attitudes; preferences
emotional
1) Phobias - learned emotional responses to specific stimuli
2) Neurotic behaviors - maladaptive emotional responses resulting from conditioning and underlying psychological factors, often leading to anxiety or avoidance
3) Superstitious behaviors - belief in a connection between behavior and outcome can create an emotional response
what are 2 ways to deal with phobia?
de-sensitization
- relaxation conditioned as new response
- exposure therapy
counter-conditioning
- positive emotions conditioned as new response
in desensitisation, the association between UCS and CS is ______ whereas in counter-conditioning, new _______ associations are added into the relationship between UCS and CS.
broken; positive
what is the main goal of exposure therapy?
help the individual confront and process their fear response to the CS without UCS that originally caused their fear
John B. Watson applied ________ principles to humans. ________ was rejected and he took the ______ approach leading to the ____ experiment where he conditioned a ______ in a child.
conditioning; introspection; tabula rasa; little albert; phobia
_________’s radical behavior is expanded on the work of ________. what is radical behaviorism? what kind of conditioning falls under this?
BF skinner’s; thorndike
radical behaviorism - all behavior is observable and caused by environment
mainly operant conditioning
in radical behaviorism, action leads to _____ which leads to a change in _________ of future action. this is called the law of __________.
outcome/consequence; likelihood; effect
what kinds of reinforcers are there in operant conditioning?
primary - reduces/diminishes biological need, eg. food, water, warmth
secondary - associated with primary reinforcer via classical conditioning, eg. money, praise
under operant conditioning,
positive vs negative
reinforcement vs punishment
positive is giving, negative is taking away
reinforcement is increase behavior, punishment is to decrease behavior
what is negative reinforcement?
taking something away to increase behavior
eg. child cleans room to avoid nagging parents
what is positive punishment?
giving something to decrease behaviour
eg. parent scolding child for fighting with sibling
what is a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?
stimulus that is present when behavior is followed up with reinforcement
a switch/cue to turn behavior on and off
extinction of operant conditioning
gradual weakening of response (behavior) due to lack of reinforcers (something added or removed to increase positive behavior)
2 schedules of reinforcement mentioned in the slides are _________ and ___________ reinforcement.
continuous; partial
continuous vs partial reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
- behavior followed by reinforcement every time
- faster acquisition of behavior
- faster extinction
partial reinforcement
- behaviour followed by reinforcement sometimes
- slower acquisition of behavior
- more resistant to extinction
what is the partial renforcement effect?
behaviors that are reinforced intermittently (rather than continuously) tend to be more resistant to extinction
can reinforcement change the quality of the behavior?
yes
student who receives praise for quality work may strive to produce even better work in the future
a musician who receives positive feedback for playing a piece well is likely to practice more, improving their skill and the quality of their performance
operant conditioning aka _____.
instrumental conditioning
is conditioning sufficient to account for all of learning?
no.
social learning via observations (people can learn behaviors by watching others, independent of direct reinforcement)
social, cognitive and emotional variations to learning (complexity of human learning beyond simple conditioning)
self-reinforcement, not solely dependent on external reinforcements or punishments
people are most affected by self or social reinforcers?
social
what is vicarious learning?
observational learning/social learning
what is vicarious emotional arousal?
empathy - you observe someone feel a strong emotion and you feel for them but less intensely ofc
secondhand embarrassment
contagious laughter
feeling jumpy with a nervous friend
vicarious classical conditioning
process of learning an emotional response through the observation of another individual’s experiences rather than through direct experience
eg.
parents hate mushrooms, i do too
If a person sees someone experience distress during a medical procedure, they may develop a fear of needles without having a negative experience themselves
vicarious reinforcement
if you see someone do something and there is reinforcement, you are likely to do it too
outcome expectancy
anticipated positive results of a behavior
self-efficacy
confidence in one’s ability to execute that behavior.
bandura forwarded 4 processes that influence observational learning. what are they?
- attention - notice behavior
- retention - rmb behavior
- reproduction - reproduce behavior successfully irl
- motivation - be motivated to repeat behavior
