learning perspective

Question 1

personality can be seen as the consolidation of all tendencies ________ across life.

Answer 1

learned

Question 2

in classical conditioning, stimulus that produces _________ (aka ____) is paired with ______________ stimulus (___).

which stimulus causes no response other than being noticed? eg. flash of light, footsteps]

Answer 2

innate reflex; UCS; neutral; CS

neutral stimulus (CS)

Question 3

in classical conditioning, connection btwn UCS (stimulus causing innate reflex) and CS (neutral stimulus) occurs through process of ___________.

Answer 3

acquisition

Question 4

4 stages of classical conditioning

Answer 4

1. existence of reflex (US–>UR)
2. pairing of stimuli (US+CS–>UR)
3. development of CR (US–>UR, CS–>CR)
4. completion of conditioning (CS–>CR)

Question 5

is CR or UCR more intense?

Answer 5

UCR

Question 6

what causes conditioning to take place rapidly?

Answer 6

having a very strong UCS

Question 7

what is anticipatory preparation?

Answer 7

when CS is presented, subject anticipates UCS and acts accordingly via CR

Question 8

Pavlovian conditioning aka classical conditioning is more effective when CS slightly precedes/precedes long after US

Answer 8

slightly precedes. the longer the duration apart btwn the 2 events, the harder for the organism to form association btwn CS and UCS.

Question 9

in extinction, ___ is weakened after repeated presentation of ____ without ____.

what is it called - unexpected reappearance of exitinguished response after time delay.

Answer 9

CR; CS; UCS

spontaneous recovery

Question 10

discrimination vs generalisation

Answer 10

generalization is about responding to similar stimuli (CR to any bell sound), whereas discrimination involves distinguishing between stimuli (CR to a specific tone of the bell only)

Question 11

classical conditioning can affect _______ and ____________.

it can be used to explain affective aspects of personality - ___________ conditioning.

what are 3 kinds of emotional conditioning mentioned in the slides?

Answer 11

attitudes; preferences

emotional

1) Phobias - learned emotional responses to specific stimuli

2) Neurotic behaviors - maladaptive emotional responses resulting from conditioning and underlying psychological factors, often leading to anxiety or avoidance

3) Superstitious behaviors - belief in a connection between behavior and outcome can create an emotional response

Question 12

what are 2 ways to deal with phobia?

Answer 12

de-sensitization
- relaxation conditioned as new response
- exposure therapy

counter-conditioning
- positive emotions conditioned as new response

Question 13

in desensitisation, the association between UCS and CS is ______ whereas in counter-conditioning, new _______ associations are added into the relationship between UCS and CS.

Answer 13

broken; positive

Question 14

what is the main goal of exposure therapy?

Answer 14

help the individual confront and process their fear response to the CS without UCS that originally caused their fear

Question 15

John B. Watson applied ________ principles to humans. ________ was rejected and he took the ______ approach leading to the ____ experiment where he conditioned a ______ in a child.

Answer 15

conditioning; introspection; tabula rasa; little albert; phobia

Question 16

_________’s radical behavior is expanded on the work of ________. what is radical behaviorism? what kind of conditioning falls under this?

Answer 16

BF skinner’s; thorndike

radical behaviorism - all behavior is observable and caused by environment

mainly operant conditioning

Question 17

in radical behaviorism, action leads to _____ which leads to a change in _________ of future action. this is called the law of __________.

Answer 17

outcome/consequence; likelihood; effect

Question 18

what kinds of reinforcers are there in operant conditioning?

Answer 18

primary - reduces/diminishes biological need, eg. food, water, warmth

secondary - associated with primary reinforcer via classical conditioning, eg. money, praise

Question 19

under operant conditioning,

positive vs negative

reinforcement vs punishment

Answer 19

positive is giving, negative is taking away

reinforcement is increase behavior, punishment is to decrease behavior

Question 20

what is negative reinforcement?

Answer 20

taking something away to increase behavior

eg. child cleans room to avoid nagging parents

Question 21

what is positive punishment?

Answer 21

giving something to decrease behaviour

eg. parent scolding child for fighting with sibling

Question 22

what is a discriminative stimulus in operant conditioning?

Answer 22

stimulus that is present when behavior is followed up with reinforcement

a switch/cue to turn behavior on and off

Question 23

extinction of operant conditioning

Answer 23

gradual weakening of response (behavior) due to lack of reinforcers (something added or removed to increase positive behavior)

Question 24

2 schedules of reinforcement mentioned in the slides are _________ and ___________ reinforcement.

Answer 24

continuous; partial

Question 25

continuous vs partial reinforcement

Answer 25

continuous reinforcement
- behavior followed by reinforcement every time
- faster acquisition of behavior
- faster extinction

partial reinforcement
- behaviour followed by reinforcement sometimes
- slower acquisition of behavior
- more resistant to extinction

Question 26

what is the partial renforcement effect?

Answer 26

behaviors that are reinforced intermittently (rather than continuously) tend to be more resistant to extinction

Question 27

can reinforcement change the quality of the behavior?

Answer 27

yes

student who receives praise for quality work may strive to produce even better work in the future

a musician who receives positive feedback for playing a piece well is likely to practice more, improving their skill and the quality of their performance

Question 28

operant conditioning aka _____.

Answer 28

instrumental conditioning

Question 29

is conditioning sufficient to account for all of learning?

Answer 29

no.

social learning via observations (people can learn behaviors by watching others, independent of direct reinforcement)

social, cognitive and emotional variations to learning (complexity of human learning beyond simple conditioning)

self-reinforcement, not solely dependent on external reinforcements or punishments

Question 30

people are most affected by self or social reinforcers?

Answer 30

social

Question 31

what is vicarious learning?

Answer 31

observational learning/social learning

Question 32

what is vicarious emotional arousal?

Answer 32

empathy - you observe someone feel a strong emotion and you feel for them but less intensely ofc

secondhand embarrassment

contagious laughter

feeling jumpy with a nervous friend

Question 33

vicarious classical conditioning

Answer 33

process of learning an emotional response through the observation of another individual’s experiences rather than through direct experience

eg.

parents hate mushrooms, i do too

If a person sees someone experience distress during a medical procedure, they may develop a fear of needles without having a negative experience themselves

Question 34

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 34

if you see someone do something and there is reinforcement, you are likely to do it too

Question 35

outcome expectancy

Answer 35

anticipated positive results of a behavior

Question 36

self-efficacy

Answer 36

confidence in one’s ability to execute that behavior.

Question 37

bandura forwarded 4 processes that influence observational learning. what are they?

Answer 37

1. attention - notice behavior
2. retention - rmb behavior
3. reproduction - reproduce behavior successfully irl
4. motivation - be motivated to repeat behavior