personality stability Flashcards
there are 2 personality stability types. what are they?
- heterotypic
- homotypic
what is heterotypic personality stability?
Heterotypic stability - consistency of trait/behaviour overtime, but with different manifestations at different developmental stages.
eg. a child might show aggression through temper tantrums, while the same individual might express aggression in adolescence through rebellious behavior, and in adulthood through more passive-aggressive tendencies or assertiveness.
- trait (aggression) remains stable, but expression varies over time
heterotypic stability can only be studied once a theory has been formed that specifies ____ of the psychological attribute at ____ points in a lifespan.
different behavioural manifestations; different
there is evidence that ___ and ____ are heterotypic attributions that exhibit ____ stability across lifespan.
but
levels of correspondence are ___ as many ____ shape the _____ of individuals.
there is some _____ of behavioural patterns as they are observed in ____. (ie. how one acted as a child may predict how he/she acts when they grow up)
shyness; aggression; some
low; situations/events; development
foreshadowing; childhood
heterotypic vs homotypic personality stability.
heterotypic - same trait, different expressions thoughout life (eg. aggression, shyness)
homotypic - same trait, same expression throughout life (eg. anxiety, happiness)
stress response changes from the age __ to __.
20 to 40
homotypic personality stability can be further divided into 2 stabilities. what are they?
absolute and differential
Absolute stability - unchanged magnitude of a trait over time (e.g., the same level of happiness or anxiety throughout life)
Differential stability - consistent rank-order of individuals in a group (e.g., people who are more anxious as children tend to remain more anxious than others, even if their overall anxiety changes)
absolute vs differential personality stability.
they are aka?
they are both under ________ stability.
Absolute stability aka mean-level stability - unchanged magnitude of a trait over time (e.g., the same level of happiness or anxiety throughout life)
Differential stability aka rank-order stability - consistent rank-order of individuals in a group (e.g., people who are more anxious as children tend to remain more anxious than others, even if their overall anxiety changes)
they are both under homotypic stability.
there are 2 measures to homotypic stability. what are they?
structural stability - measures absolute stability. does the intensity or magnitude of trait remain the same throughout lifespan?
ipsative stability - measures differential stabiity. does the person continues to be more anxious than others overtime?
which one, structural or ipsative stability measure, is measured by factor analysis?
structural
**Factor Analysis (FA) - identify underlying patterns in a set of observed variables (such as behaviors, traits, or symptoms) and determine whether those patterns remain stable over time.
what are the big 5 traits?
OCEAN:
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
as people age, there is a pattern of positive, average changes in personality attributes. what is this principle called?
maturity principle
maturity principle in the big 5 (OCEAN). what changes are there?
openness - decreases after mid-life
conscientiousness - increase
extraversion - increase
agreeableness - increase
neuroticism - decrease
based on the maturity principle on the big 5, which traits decrease as people age? which ones increase?
decrease:
neuroticism
openness (after mid-life)
increase:
conscientiousness
agreeableness
extraversion
the maturity principle (as people age –> positive/avg changes in personality) are reflected by what events? give just 3.
increased r/s stability and quality
greater success at work
better health, reduced mortality
reduced risk of criminality
reduced occurrence of mental health problems
1) young adulthood ( __ to late ___s) includes numerous life changes. what are they? give 2.
2) adult roles might generate _____ for patterns of personality to _______. this pattern is called _______. it holds true for _____ and ________.
3) observed correlations are never _______. personality changes occur at any time in lifespan, but are most inconsistent in ___ and _______.
1) 18 to late 20s
life changes:
finishing school
starting career
commiting to romantic partnerships
parenthood
2) pressures; evolve; cumulative continuity principle of personality development; both sexes; across multiple attributes
3) perfect; childhood; adolescence
traits are relatively _________ and become more ____ from childhood to adulthood.
this observation challenges 2 extreme perspectives in psychology. what are they?
enduring; stable
challenges 2 extreme perspectives:
- assumption of near-perfect stability of personality in adulthood (william james - character is set like plaster by age 30)
- assumption that stability in personality doesnt exist (thought n feelings are temporary, and deeply influenced by situations without consistency)
interplay between individual and contextual circumstance is called _________.
person-environment transactions
there are 3 kinds of person-environment transactions. what are they?
- active person-environment transaction
- seek out environments congruent with personality
- actively shapes environment to fit preferences and needs, enchancing well-being and development - reactive person-environment transaction
- react to environmental stimuli based on their personality traits
- different people react to same situation differ - evocative person-environment transaction
- evokes reactions from others based on their own personality traits
- evokes reactions from environment based on how others perceive and respond to their personality –> influences ongoing interactions and r/s
what is ASTMA?
ASTMA - explain how personalities influence environments and how environments chosen shape personalities
attraction - choosing r/s that align with personality
selection - choosing people/environments similar to you
transformation - modify their environments to suit their personality (long term)
manipulation - influence environments or r/s to fit their need (short term)
attrition - eliminate/asked to leave incompatible environments or r/s.
positive matching produces _________ due to _____-reinforcing personal _________.
consistency; press; attributes
what is corresponsive principle of personality development?
environments often reinforce those personality attributes that were partially responsible for the initial environment conditions in the first place
environments often reinforce those personality attributes that were partially responsible for the initial environment conditions in the first place. what is this principle called?
corresponsive principle of personality development
