personality stability

Question 1

there are 2 personality stability types. what are they?

Answer 1

1. heterotypic
2. homotypic

Question 2

what is heterotypic personality stability?

Answer 2

Heterotypic stability - consistency of trait/behaviour overtime, but with different manifestations at different developmental stages.

eg. a child might show aggression through temper tantrums, while the same individual might express aggression in adolescence through rebellious behavior, and in adulthood through more passive-aggressive tendencies or assertiveness.
- trait (aggression) remains stable, but expression varies over time

Question 3

heterotypic stability can only be studied once a theory has been formed that specifies ____ of the psychological attribute at ____ points in a lifespan.

Answer 3

different behavioural manifestations; different

Question 4

there is evidence that ___ and ____ are heterotypic attributions that exhibit ____ stability across lifespan.

but

levels of correspondence are ___ as many ____ shape the _____ of individuals.

there is some _____ of behavioural patterns as they are observed in ____. (ie. how one acted as a child may predict how he/she acts when they grow up)

Answer 4

shyness; aggression; some

low; situations/events; development

foreshadowing; childhood

Question 5

heterotypic vs homotypic personality stability.

Answer 5

heterotypic - same trait, different expressions thoughout life (eg. aggression, shyness)

homotypic - same trait, same expression throughout life (eg. anxiety, happiness)

Question 6

stress response changes from the age __ to __.

Answer 6

20 to 40

Question 7

homotypic personality stability can be further divided into 2 stabilities. what are they?

Answer 7

absolute and differential

Absolute stability - unchanged magnitude of a trait over time (e.g., the same level of happiness or anxiety throughout life)

Differential stability - consistent rank-order of individuals in a group (e.g., people who are more anxious as children tend to remain more anxious than others, even if their overall anxiety changes)

Question 8

absolute vs differential personality stability.

they are aka?

they are both under ________ stability.

Answer 8

Absolute stability aka mean-level stability - unchanged magnitude of a trait over time (e.g., the same level of happiness or anxiety throughout life)

Differential stability aka rank-order stability - consistent rank-order of individuals in a group (e.g., people who are more anxious as children tend to remain more anxious than others, even if their overall anxiety changes)

they are both under homotypic stability.

Question 9

there are 2 measures to homotypic stability. what are they?

Answer 9

structural stability - measures absolute stability. does the intensity or magnitude of trait remain the same throughout lifespan?

ipsative stability - measures differential stabiity. does the person continues to be more anxious than others overtime?

Question 10

which one, structural or ipsative stability measure, is measured by factor analysis?

Answer 10

structural

**Factor Analysis (FA) - identify underlying patterns in a set of observed variables (such as behaviors, traits, or symptoms) and determine whether those patterns remain stable over time.

Question 11

what are the big 5 traits?

Answer 11

OCEAN:
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism

Question 12

as people age, there is a pattern of positive, average changes in personality attributes. what is this principle called?

Answer 12

maturity principle

Question 13

maturity principle in the big 5 (OCEAN). what changes are there?

Answer 13

openness - decreases after mid-life

conscientiousness - increase

extraversion - increase

agreeableness - increase

neuroticism - decrease

Question 14

based on the maturity principle on the big 5, which traits decrease as people age? which ones increase?

Answer 14

decrease:
neuroticism
openness (after mid-life)

increase:
conscientiousness
agreeableness
extraversion

Question 15

the maturity principle (as people age –> positive/avg changes in personality) are reflected by what events? give just 3.

Answer 15

increased r/s stability and quality

greater success at work

better health, reduced mortality

reduced risk of criminality

reduced occurrence of mental health problems

Question 16

1) young adulthood ( __ to late ___s) includes numerous life changes. what are they? give 2.

2) adult roles might generate _____ for patterns of personality to _______. this pattern is called _______. it holds true for _____ and ________.

3) observed correlations are never _______. personality changes occur at any time in lifespan, but are most inconsistent in ___ and _______.

Answer 16

1) 18 to late 20s
life changes:
finishing school
starting career
commiting to romantic partnerships
parenthood

2) pressures; evolve; cumulative continuity principle of personality development; both sexes; across multiple attributes

3) perfect; childhood; adolescence

Question 17

traits are relatively _________ and become more ____ from childhood to adulthood.

this observation challenges 2 extreme perspectives in psychology. what are they?

Answer 17

enduring; stable

challenges 2 extreme perspectives:

1. assumption of near-perfect stability of personality in adulthood (william james - character is set like plaster by age 30)
2. assumption that stability in personality doesnt exist (thought n feelings are temporary, and deeply influenced by situations without consistency)

Question 18

interplay between individual and contextual circumstance is called _________.

Answer 18

person-environment transactions

Question 19

there are 3 kinds of person-environment transactions. what are they?

Answer 19

1. active person-environment transaction
   - seek out environments congruent with personality
   - actively shapes environment to fit preferences and needs, enchancing well-being and development
2. reactive person-environment transaction
   - react to environmental stimuli based on their personality traits
   - different people react to same situation differ
3. evocative person-environment transaction
   - evokes reactions from others based on their own personality traits
   - evokes reactions from environment based on how others perceive and respond to their personality –> influences ongoing interactions and r/s

Question 20

what is ASTMA?

Answer 20

ASTMA - explain how personalities influence environments and how environments chosen shape personalities

attraction - choosing r/s that align with personality

selection - choosing people/environments similar to you

transformation - modify their environments to suit their personality (long term)

manipulation - influence environments or r/s to fit their need (short term)

attrition - eliminate/asked to leave incompatible environments or r/s.

Question 21

positive matching produces _________ due to _____-reinforcing personal _________.

Answer 21

consistency; press; attributes

Question 22

what is corresponsive principle of personality development?

Answer 22

environments often reinforce those personality attributes that were partially responsible for the initial environment conditions in the first place

Question 23

environments often reinforce those personality attributes that were partially responsible for the initial environment conditions in the first place. what is this principle called?

Answer 23

corresponsive principle of personality development