Selection and Pressure Flashcards
what does selection mean?
how the news is selected to be shown to the audience
what does presentation mean?
how the news is presented to the audience, what techniques media proffessionals use.
what percentage of people said that TV was their main source of news coverage?
75%, according to OFCOM
what percentage of 16-24 year olds rely on the internet and apps for the news?
60 %
what do the public trust more to get the news, and give a trend?
-majority prefer tv news
-9.5 million newspapers are read everyday but readers recognise that they are biased
what is the quote that Cohen and Young said about selection of the news?
‘news is not discovered but manufactured.’
what is gatekeeping?
for news to be selected, it must pass through a number of criteria in order to appear in the news
who came up with gatekeeping?
McQuail
what are the 3 factors that selection is based on?
-the ownership of the news organisation
-the news values of the story
-the organisational restraints
what are the key points of ownership of news organisation?
-regulatory favours
-personalised style of management
-ideological control
-political views
-agenda setting
-newspapers are cheerleaders
what are news values?
guidelines or criteria that determine the worth of the news story
-it defines what journalists and editors see as newsworthy
who came up with the news values?
Spencer-Thomas
what are the 7 values of the news?
-extraordinariness
-threshold
-unambiguity
-ref to elite persons
-ref to elite nations
-continuity
-negativity
what are organisational constraints?
what becomes selected as news depends on many restraints within the news corporation, which affect the news selection
what are the 5 organisational constraints?
-deadlines
-space/time
-audience
-immediacy of footage
-cost
what do marxists say about the selection of the news?
-preserves and upholds capitalism
-news reflects the owner’s beliefs and spreads RC ideologies
-regulatory favours, personalised style of management
-‘pulling strings,’ journalists act on behalf of the owners
what do pluralisrs say about the selection of the news?
-media supply to audience who demand to gain a profit
-market mechanism, supply and demand
-diverse audience
-news must be newsworthy to appeal to a wide range
-choice, can choose what to interact with
-journalists must act in the eyes of the consumer, act with integrity, audiences needs are met
what do neo-marxists say about the selection of the news?
-agree that ideology supports interests of capitalism
-bias but it is not intentional/deliberate but instead a natural by- product or coicidence of middle class solidarity (born/socialised into capitalism)
what is extraordinariness?
-rare, unpredictable and surprising events
-disasters and deaths of celebs
what is threshold?
-‘bigger’ the events and more people it will influence, more likely to be nationally reported
what is unambiguity?
-events that are easier to understand are likely to be reported
-journalists will not choose a story if it is too complicated for the average person
what is ref to elite persons and groups?
persons= seen as more newsworthy than ordinary people doing extraordinary things, celebs, politicians, royalty
groups= western countries gain more news time, seen as superior, audience want to relate, eg- one Briton dead is worth 5 dead Frenchman
what is continuity?
-once story becomes news and is running, it may be covered for some time
-gain a regular audience, keep them hooked and wanting updates
-can continue for years, eg- Madeleine McCann
what is negativity?
-‘bad news is good news.’
-seen as more exciting and dramatic
-attracts a bigger audience
-stories about deaths, violence, wars, etc
who said that TV news is the most positive and objective type of news?
Chandler, a positivist
what was television news described as?
the window of the world, giving us access to our interconnected worlds
what is the piece of evidence that TV news is the most trusted?
64% of the public voted that the most trustworthy news provider was the BBC
what are the reasons why we trust news presenters?
-eye contact with viewers (sign of trust)
-friendly, reliable, reassuring, confident
-high tech and ‘at-scene’ footage, symbolises scientific lengths to find truth (evidence, trust, no manipulation)
what did McQuail argue about the trustworthiness of the news?
an ‘illusion of objectivity’, presented in ways that convince us of the truth
what does the illusion of objectivity lead to?
false class consciousness through ideological control
what is the neo-pluralist belief of presentation
-agree that journalists were once objective and factual with integrity, finding sources and info
-but due to recent changes, they can no longer check facts and seek the truth, they are now lazy
what are the three ways that have affected journalists and the news, making them lazy?
-rise in new media
-increased globalisation
-concentration of ownership
what is one example of a headline of the millenium bug, that was fake news?
Riots, terrorism and a health crisis could follow a millenium bug meltdown.
who came up with churnalism, and what does it mean?
Davies
=to produce large quantities of it very quickly
what is the quote that Davies said about churnalism?
‘poor practise of modern day journalists who churn, reproduce or recycle news without any critical investigation.’
what are the two pieces of evidence of churnalism?
-80% of 2,200 stories were lifted from PA announcements, bloggers quotes or spin doctors
-only 12% of stories had been generated, researched and thoroughly checked
what did Cohen say about moral panics?
‘day of terror’ = scuffles and vandalism
who argued that moral panics are now outdated in todays society?
McRobbie and Thornton
what are the three evaluation points of moral panics?
-access to greater platforms to find truth
-increased fake news, now more sceptical and critical
-some moral panics naturally reflect real fears, a right to be concerned
