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Sociology Media > Media Representations of Gender > Flashcards

Media Representations of Gender Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 5 steps of success in terms of representations of women in the media?

A

1-what is hegemonic portrayal?
2-is it positive/negative?
3-why is this the hegemonic portrayal?
4- what is the impact of this portrayal?
5- is it improving?

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2
Q

who came up with hegemonic feminity?

A

Connel

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3
Q

what is hegemonic feminity?

A

the dominant view of women’s expectations and what a woman should be
-the female ideal, usually traditional, sexual and stereotypical

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4
Q

what did the class’ content analysis of adverts show about women?

A

the adverts sexualised and objectified women, with them being shown to be controlled by men and the housewife

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5
Q

what did the Burger King advert say when sexualising women?

A

‘four inches has never been so satisfying’

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6
Q

what was Trowler’s evidence of content analysis of women in the media?

A

-75% of TV ads used women for bathroom and kitchen products
-twice as many women were shown with children than men
-56% of ads portrayed women as housewives

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7
Q

what did Trowler say about women in the media?

A

women’s bodyies are ‘exploited shamelessly’

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8
Q

what did Jean Kilbourne say about women in advertising?

A

-killing us softly
-tells us how we look, with us feeling shame when we don’t achieve it
-photoshop, women turned into objects
-bodies are dismembered, women are dehumanised
-causes violence against women, eating disorders arise

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9
Q

what message did Orbach say has been sent through the media in terms of women in the media?

A

slimness= success and happiness

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10
Q

what percentage of 6-12 year olds have tried a diet?

A

39%

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11
Q

what did Wolf say?

A

‘beauty ideal’
-women think they should have a certain body type, long legs, clear skin, etc
-women should treat their bodies as a project in constant need of improvement striving for perfection

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12
Q

who came up with the cult of feminity?

A

Ferguson

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13
Q

what is the cult of feminity?

A

-women’s magazines focus on ‘him, home and looking good (for him)’
-tries to socialise girls into the role of women

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14
Q

what is meant by the limited range of roles?

A

women are represented in a narrow range of social roles in the media whilst men perform the range of social/occupational roles

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15
Q

according to Wolf and Tebbel, what are the 6 stereotypical roles women are given in films/shows?

A

-the WAG
-the Sex Object
-the Supermum
-the Angel
-the Ball Breaker
-the Victim

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16
Q

how are women portrayed in sport?

A

-there is little coverage of women’s sports
-when there is coverage, women are sexualised, trivialised and devalued

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17
Q

what is the piece of evidence about women’s sport coverage in the 2012 Olympics?

A

4.5% of news covered female sport, with this falling to 3.2% in 2020, even though women make up 40% of the sporting teams

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18
Q

what are the 3 reasons why women are represented this way in the media?

A

1- ‘boys club’
2- male gaze
3- profit for capitalism

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19
Q

what is ‘boys club’?

A

-those who own and make the media are ‘male, pale and stale.’
-woman are facing a glass ceiling= women think they can get to the top but they are actually blocked

20
Q

what is some evidence about gender imbalances in power of media?

A

-less than 5% of chief executives of largest media companies in Britain were women
-fewer than 10% of editors of national newspapers are female

21
Q

what percentage of all speaking characters in American films between 2002-2019 were male?

A

68%

22
Q

from 2013-2016 how many episodes of Tv shows on BBC, ITV, channel4/5 were directed by women?

A

only 25%

23
Q

what did Mulvey say about the male gaze?

A

film-makers employ a ‘male gaze’ where the camera lens essentially eyes up the female characters, providing erotic pleasure for men
= the camera lens acts as the male gaze

24
Q

what is the profit for capitalism according to marxists?

A

-the beauty market drives unobtainable goals and makes profit
-women are constantly trying to meet the unrealistic standards (false needs) so keep on buying products
-pornography= exploitation of women for profit, sex sells

25
Q

what are the 2 impacts of woman’s portrayal in the media?

A

1- Symbolic Annihilation
2- Triviality of Achievement

26
Q

according to Tuchman, what is symbolic annihilation?

A

-women are destroyed by the media, with them focusing on beauty/body, and not achievements/intelligence
-women are reduced down through the media
-sexy lamp test

27
Q

what is the triviality of achievement according to Tuchman?

A

woman was hailed as brave for showing her acne
= is this really the biggest achievement
of women?

28
Q

what are two evaluation points for women’s portrayal in the media?

A

-things are now changing
-Lauzen= women now account for 27% of executive roles in the media (producers, editors and directors)

29
Q

what is the first theoretical evaluation of women’s portrayal in the media?

A

NEW MEDIA= the women will allow women to destabilise patriarchy.
-women now have a voice and are prosumers, spreading their opinions and voices through the media

30
Q

who spoke about the new media evaluation of women in the media?

A

Plant

31
Q

what is the second theoretical evaluation of women in the media according to Gauntlett?

A

FEMALE EMPOWERMENT= the traditional view of woman has been kick-boxed out of the picture by feisty ‘girl power’ icons

32
Q

what is the first way that men are portrayed in the media?

A

hegemonic masculinity= traditional/dominant masculinity

33
Q

how are men seen through the media based on hegemonic masculinity?

A

-breadwinner
-sexually dominant
-powerful/physically strong
-primal
-risk-taking
etc

34
Q

according to Easthorpe, what is the masculine myth?

A

the media gives the impression that a real man is based on ‘strength, aggression and violence.’
=this is an ideological myth as majority are unable to reach this goal of true ‘hegemonic masculinity’

35
Q

which type of man is most likely and least likely to be shown through the media?

A

most= macho man/action hero (32%)
least= good hearted (-31%)

36
Q

how are men portrayed in Disney?

A

-men fight for girl
-sexism, strength and dominance
eg- gaston, hans, peter pan

37
Q

what is the Children Now as a piece of AO2?

A

-asked boys aged 10-17 about what they thought about males seen on tv
-strong, aggressive, leaders, successful/confident, real men don’t cry
-1/3 of these boys had never seen a man doing domestic work

38
Q

what is toxic masculinity?

A

harmful/damaging, characteristic of masculinity can become toxic as men are believing that they have to fit in to specific categories.

39
Q

what is the female gaze when speaking of men’s portrayals in the media?

A

-through the female lens, men are shown in a way to ‘excite’ women
-men are often shown to have an athletic build, which may make some men have low self-esteem if they don’t have this body type
-eg= underwear adverts/shoots, magic mike

40
Q

what are three statistics that show how men feel about their appearance?

A

-55% of men feel uncertain about their appearance
-63% of men said they always feel like they can lose weight
-41% of men said they worry people judge their appearance

41
Q

have things changed in terms of how men are expected to act?

A

YES= ‘be a man’ ideas have changed, man’s position in family has changed (more time with children)
NO= man’s role is hidden, they are still told to look a certain way

42
Q

what did Gauntlett say about the New Man?

A

-content analysis of men’s magazines, with FHM and GQ content being extremely positive for men today
-it encourages men to be caring, considerate lovers, useful in the home, fashionable and funny
-men can now redefine their identity

43
Q

what is a piece of evidence supporting the New Man idea?

A

Rihanna’s savage x fenty, showed different body types not just the typical musclely and fit man

44
Q

according to Mort, what is the metrosexual man?

A

=men now care about and look after their appearance, in terms of products/toiletries, with them unafraid to show their emotions
-rise in male fashion magazines/advertising of products reflects an important shift in the social attitudes of men

45
Q

what did rutherford say about retributive masculinity?

A

=many WC men have resisted this change, men seek to reclaim their masculinity to make sure men are not too feminine?

46
Q

what are the 3 Bs for retributive masculinity?

A

Birds
Boobs
Balls
Booze

Sociology Media (12 decks)

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