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Pathology > selected things from mod 7-12 > Flashcards

selected things from mod 7-12 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

smoking
hypertension
elevated blood cholesterol

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2
Q

major sites of atherosclerotic ischemic injury and clinical disease

A

heart, brain, extremities, kidneys

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3
Q

athersclerotic injury to the heart leads to…

A

angina, MI, chronic heart failure, sudden cardiac death

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4
Q

athersclerotic injury to the brain leads to…

A

ischemic stroke

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5
Q

athersclerotic injury to the extremities leads to…

A

claudication, gangrene

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6
Q

athersclerotic injury to the kidneys leads to…

A

chronic kidney failure

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7
Q

what percentage of the pop’n is hypertensive?

A

25%

of this 25%, 50% know they are and 16% have adequate BP control

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8
Q

how bad is lung cancer in percentages?

A

it represents 13% of all cancers in humans

7% of all cancer deaths

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9
Q

what type of lung cancer has the worst prognosis?

A

small cell carcinoma

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10
Q

what are primary sites for metastatic carcinoma in the lung?

A

breast, stomach, pancreas, colon

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11
Q

what is one of the commonest causes of renal failure?

A

adult polycystic disease

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12
Q

what are kidney stones most commonly made from (percentage)?

A

75% are calcium salts

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13
Q

what are other possibilities for kidney stone composition?

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate, uric acid, cystine

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14
Q

what is the most common kidney tumour? and who is most likely to have it?

A

renal cell carcinoma

old, white, male

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15
Q

what is the most common urinary tract cancer? where is it most commonly found? who most commonly gets it?

A

transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)
bladder
old, white, male

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16
Q

what is the most common factor in the development of cervical dysplasia?

A

HPV

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17
Q

what is the most common cervical cancer?

A

sqaumous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

what is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract?

A

endometrial carcinoma

-most commonly menopausally

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19
Q

How common (include percent) is endometriosis? where is is most commonly found?

A 
very common (5%) of pop'n
ovaries most commonly involved (80%)
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20
Q

what is the most common tumour of the female genital tract?

A

leiomyomas (benign) A.K.A fibroids

found in approx. 25% of women over 30 yrs

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21
Q

where do most ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

fallopian tubes

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22
Q

what is PID mainly caused by?

A

STIs chlamidya & gonorrhea

23
Q

what are the most common ovarian tumours in juveniles and in adults?

A

juvenile: germ cell
adult: epithelial
* generally: most neoplasms are benign

24
Q

what is the most common ovarian malignancy?

A

ovarian carcinoma
LEADING CAUSE of DEATH from gynecologic malignancy
more likely post-meopausally

25
Q

most common ovarian neoplasm in young women?

A

mature cystic teratoma

benign as long as tissues are mature

26
Q

most common malignant germ cell tumour fermale tract?

A

dysgerminoma

27
Q

most common form of malignancy in men? what is a risk factor?

A

prostatic adenocarcinoma

increased risk with age after 40

28
Q

what is the avg age for testicular neoplasms? do they have a good or bad prognosis?

A

34 yrs

90-95% cure rate

29
Q

what precentage of GI cancers does esophageal cancer account for? of that, what are the types of esophageal cancer and what are the perecentages of each? who nromally gets it?

A

esophageal cancer 6% of GI cancers
of that, 60% adenocarcinoma, 40% squamous cell
males, over 50 yrs

30
Q

what percentage of the pop’n do peptic ulcers affect?

A

10%

31
Q

what are the types of peptic ulcers and what is the most common type? is there a diff in gender? what age?

A

*most common - duodenal ulcers, more common in men than women, most freq age 20
gastric ulcers, equal b/w sexes, age 40

32
Q

what are the 1st and 2nd most common causes of peptic ulcers?

A

1st- Helicobacter pylori

2nd- NSAIDS

33
Q

what is the most common acute abdominal condition requiring surgery? what age? most common cause?

A

appendicitis
10-25 yrs
obstruction of lumen by fecalith

34
Q

what factor increase risk for diverticular disease?

A

age

35
Q

what is the peak age of onset of IBD?

A

15-35 yrs

36
Q

what are the types of IBD?

A

ulcerative colitis

Crohn’s

37
Q

where in the body does Crohn’s most likely affect?

A

small bowel (esp. terminal ileum) and/or large bowel

38
Q

what are the main causes of GI obstruction?

A

hernia, adhesions, intussusception, volvulus

39
Q

what is the second most common cause of cancer death in Ontario? what are the risk factors?

A

cancer of the large bowel

risk increases with age, western diet

40
Q

what is the most common large bowel cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

41
Q

where in the large bowel are the most common sites for large bowel cancer?

A

rectum, sigmoid colon

42
Q

what is the leading cause of death under age 45?

A

trauma

43
Q

what is the 3rd most common cause of death?

A

stroke

44
Q

who does azlheimer’s affect?

A

1/3 of pop’n after 80 yrs of age

45
Q

what is the most common bacterial disease in the nervous system?

A

meningitis

46
Q

talk about primary intrinsic tumours of the CNS

A

generally derives from glial cells (astrocytoma, oligodenrogliomas, ependymomas)
tend to infiltrate surrounding normal tissue and therefore, can’t be fully surgically resected

47
Q

what primary intrinsic tumour is the the most malignant? what is the life expectancy?

A

astrocytoma called glioblastoma multiforme (grade 4)

less than one year

48
Q

talk about primary extrinsic tumours in CNS

A

compress brain and do no invade, therefore resectable and curable

49
Q

what is a ‘difficult to categorize’ brain tumour?

A

primary extrinsic
Primary CNS lymphoma
mostly of B cell lineage
multifocal, periventricular, arise in the immunocompromised, poor prognosis
microscopically: perivascular, angioinvasive

50
Q

most common sites for endometriosis

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, peritoneum, bowel

51
Q

where are most diverticula found?

A

sigmoid colon

52
Q

what is the most common type of bowel obstruction?

A

adhesion

53
Q

most common primary sites for secondary (metastatic) cancer in CNS

A

lung, breast, bowel, melanoma

54
Q

what is the most common complication of alcohol?

A

peripheral neuropathy

Pathology (9 decks)

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