Module 2

Question 1

define anoxia

Answer 1

absence or complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood or tissues

Question 2

define atrophy

Answer 2

a decrease in tissue mass due to shrinkage of cells

Question 3

define dysplasia

Answer 3

an alteration in size, shape, and/or organization of the cells in a tissue

Question 4

what is fatty change?

Answer 4

the accumulation of fat within a cell due to impaired fat metabolism eg fatty change in liver cells in alcoholism

Question 5

what is hemosiderin?

Answer 5

an insoluble form of tissue storage iron, can be seen under microscope with or without staining

Question 6

hydropic swelling

Answer 6

increase in cell volume due to impairment of normal ion regulating mechanisms that leads to an increase in cellular water; characterized by a large, pale cytoplasm and normally located nucleus

Question 7

hypoxia

Answer 7

decrease below normal levels of oxygen in inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues

Question 8

define hyperplasia

Answer 8

increase in number of cells

Question 9

hypertrophy

Answer 9

increase in size of existing cells

Question 10

what is lipofuscin?

Answer 10

brownish pigment derived from lipids and cell membrane turnover, increases in cells with age

Question 11

what is ischemia?

Answer 11

local decrease in tissue blood supply due to mechanical obstruction of the blood supply (mainly by arterial narrowing)

Question 12

define metaplasia

Answer 12

the substitution of one cell type for another cell type

Question 13

what does parenchyma, parenchymal refer to?

Answer 13

the functional elements or cells of an organ

Question 14

what are causes of cell injury?

Answer 14

physical, chemical, biological, nutritional or metabolic alterations, immune reactions, genetic defects, cellular aging

Question 15

what are two types of reversible cell injury?

Answer 15

hydropic swelling and fatty change

Question 16

what are two types of irreversible cell injury?

Answer 16

necrosis and apoptosis

Question 17

what are the 4 characteristics of necrosis?

Answer 17

intense eosinophilia of cytoplasm, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis

Question 18

what are the 4 types of necrosis?

Answer 18

Coagulative - most common, express the 4 characteristics, appear as ghosts of themselves, typical of ischemia
Liquefactive - Rapid loss of tissue architecture and digestion of the dead cells. most common in CNS and typical of bacterial damage
Fat- specific to adipose tissue, released enzymes digest fat that complexes with calcium to form chalky-white deposits eg. pancreatitis, damage to breast tissues
Caseous- soft, friable, “cheesy” material, characteristic of TB

Question 19

What is gangrenous necrosis or wet necrosis?

Answer 19

used to refer to coagulative necrosis when there is a superimposed infection with a liquefactive component

*dry gangrene is dried out necrotic tissue with no infection that becomes dark black and mummified

Question 20

What are four cell components that are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?

Answer 20

Cell membrane - critical for ionic and osmotic homeostasis
Mitochondria - generation of energy via ATP
Protein synthetic machonary
Cellular DNA

Question 21

What is steatosis?

Answer 21

another word for fatty change

Question 22

what is eosinophilia?

Answer 22

pinkness

Question 23

what is pyknosis?

Answer 23

shrinkage

Question 24

what is karyorrhexis?

Answer 24

the shrunken nucleus fragments or breaks up

Question 25

what is karyolysis?

Answer 25

dissolution (of the nucleus in the case of necrosis)