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Pathology > diseases & symptoms mod 7-12 > Flashcards

diseases & symptoms mod 7-12 Flashcards

1
Q

pneumonia signs and symptoms

complications

A

fever and chills, malaise, pain on inspiration (d/t inflamed pleural membranes)
cold sores may flare up on lips

complications: abcess - more commonly in r lung, empyema (spread of infection to chest cavity), septicemia

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2
Q

lung cancer signs and symptoms

A

cough, weightloss, chest pain or dyspnea

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3
Q

causes of acute renal failure

A

*may present with rapid onset of symptoms
pre-renal: septic shock, dehydration, severe hemorrhage
renal: drugs, toxins, infections, inflammation, ischemia, acute tubular necrosis, acute golerulonephrtis
post-renal - urinary tract obstruction

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4
Q

causes of chronic renal failure

A

*may be clinically silent
pre-renal: hypertension, diabetes, vasculitis
renal: primary glomerular disease, chronic tubulointerstitial diseases
post-renal: chronic urinary tract obstruction

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5
Q

consequences of renal failure

A

edema - r/t function of fluid balance
electrolyte imbalances r/t function of regulating electrolytes
metabolic acidosis - r/t function of pH balance
anemia r/t function of erythropoietin synth
hypertension - sodium/water retention, increased renin prod
bone disease - impaire renal function r/t phostphate and calcium, body compensates by respporbing bone, also dec. activation of vit D decreases calcium absorption from diet

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6
Q

Adult polycystic kidney disease

A

autosomal dominant
big, round cysts
one of the most common causes of renal failure
always affects BOTH kidneys
patients often have cysts also in liver, pancreas, spleen etc.
predisposed to aneurysms of blood vessels in brain

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7
Q

juvenile polycystic disease

A

autosomal recessive
predisposed to liver fibrosis
long, narrow cysts

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8
Q

glomerular diseases

A

as result of immune reactions
Type II - antigens deposit into basement membrane, then subsqeuntly, antibodies attach
Type III - atibody-antigen complexes
autoimmune- body develops antibodies against glomerular basement membrane - goodpasture

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9
Q

Tubular diseases

A

acute tubular necrosis - lack of O2 or exposure to toxins, caused by trauma, shock, burns, infections, nephrotoxic drugs or poisons
can be reversed if underlying cause treated
tuberointerstitial nephritis - variety of diseases involving tubules/interstitium with relative sparing of glomeruli
caused by: allergic reaction, autoimmune, GU obstruction, transplant rejection, heavy metal exposure, infection

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10
Q

vascular diseases of kidneys

A

atherosclerosis of renal arteries
renal cortical infarct - when pieces of debris from plaques obstruct smaller ateries and cause necrosis, eventually scarring
renal infarct - area of infarction characterized by marked pallor - sources of emboli thrombi from MI or complicated atherosclerotic plaques from aorta

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11
Q

hypertension effect on kidney

A

major cause of end stage renal failure

can result in thickening of walls of small arteries and arterioles, scarring of glomeruli, and decline of renal function

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12
Q

Pyelonephritis

what is it? signs and symptoms? risk factors?

A

acute bacterial infection of kidney
fever, flank pain, flu-like symptoms
also, often symptoms of bladder irritation
ascending infection (usually) but can also be deposited by the hematogenous route
risk factors (same as bladder infection): obstruction, intsrumentation, urine reflux, female, diabetes, suppressed immune system

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13
Q

chronic pyelonephritis causes? consequences?

A

longstanding obstruction, urine reflux/repeated infections results in scarring of kidney - distortion of pelvis and blunting of the renal papillae
microscopically - fibrosis, chronic inflammation and damage to tubules

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14
Q

intrinsic causes of urinary obstruction

A

kidney stones, strictures, tumours, and loss of normal neural pathways that control the bladder

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15
Q

extrinsic causes of urinary obstruction

A

pregnancy, inflammation and/or scarring of surrounding organs, tumours arising in adjacent organs

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16
Q

risk factors for kidney tumours

A 
major: smoking
obesity
hypertension
long-term dialysis
industrial chemical or heavy metal exposure
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17
Q

signs and symptoms of kidney tumours

A 
blood in urine (hematuria)
flank pain
palpable mass
weight loss
anorexia
fever
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18
Q

low grade TCC

A

slow growing, papillary growth pattern, cells looks monotonous, multifocal, recur freguently, seldom invade, small risk metastasis

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19
Q

high grade TCC

A

high rate recurrence, aggressive, often flat/nodular, cells proliferate as solid nests and cords with lack of orderly growth, enlarged pleomorphic nuclei with prominent chromatin, high risk invasion, high risk metastases

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20
Q

risk factors for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

A

unopposed estrogen which can be assoc with

  • failure to ovulate (variety of reasons)
  • obesity
  • hormone replacement therapy
  • functional tumours - rare ovarian tumours that produce estrogen
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21
Q

sequence of events for unopposed estrogen state

A

disorderly proliferation > non-atypical hyperplasia > atypical hyperplasia (25% chance of progression to cancer) > carcinoma

22
Q

what do you expect from endometrial carcinoma?

A

85% d/t unopposed estrogen

usually well-differentiated, low stage at presentation, excellent prognosis

23
Q

most common symptom of endometrial cancer?

A

post-menopausal bleeding

24
Q

what is endometriosis? signs and symptoms?

A

benign endometrial tissue present outside normal location

pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility

25
Q

cause of endometriosis?

A

unknown, however theories:

a) retrograde menstruation through tube leading to implantation
b) metaplastic transformation in peritoneum and connective tissue
c) “benign metastatses” - tissue travels through blood/lymph
d) genetics

26
Q

signs and symptoms of leiomyomas

A

bleeding, pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, infertility

27
Q

wtf ectopic pregnancy

A

the chorionic villi (exchange of maternal/fetal circulaton) invade wall of tube. As the embryo grows, the tubes expand and can rupture with massive intraperitoneal hemorrhage and shock
treated with chemo or surgically remove

28
Q

causes and sequalae of PID

A

the fallopian tubes becoem infected which trigger inflammation (salpingitis)
plicae (folds of lining of tube) destroyed and fimbrial ends close up which results in a distended tube filled with pus (pyosalpinx)
Sequalae: chronic salpingitis, chronic inflamm and c/o chronic pelvic pain, hydrosalpinx (thin distended tube filled with clear liquid, dense adhesions, infertility, ectopic pregnancies

29
Q

prognosis of ovarian carcinoma so poor because

A

often asymptomatic or mild, non-specific symptoms until late, no specific screening test
therefore, more likely to present at an advanced stage

30
Q

granulosa cell tumours

A

originate in stroma of ovary and often has hormonal effects
if they poduce estrogen - risk for endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma
occur between 45-55

31
Q

risk factors for prostate cancer

A

racial - most common sub-Saharan African descent, high risk north america/australia/northern and central Europe
genetic - higher risk with strong fam hx
diet- obesity and diet high in fat
smoking - increased risk of death and recurrence

32
Q

symptoms prostate cancer

A

usually asymptomatic

BUT if symptoms - r/t urinary tract issues, or may have symptoms r/t advanced disease spread (bone pain, weight loss)

33
Q

risk factors testicular neoplasms

signs and symptoms

A 
genetics
racial - white>hispanic>asian>african
cryptorchidism
contralateral testicular cancer raises risk for it in the other one
male infertility

presentation: painless mass, asymmetry or dull aching sensation

34
Q

signs and symptoms GI disease

A 
loss of appetite
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
pain
bleeding
obstruction
35
Q

esophagael cancer

A

2 types
1)adenocarcinoma
longstanding heart burn
intestinal metaplasia (Barrett esophagus) > dysplasia > adenocarcinoma
2) squamous cell carcinoma - major risk factors are alcohol and tobacco

36
Q

signs and symptoms of diverticulosis and diverticulitis

A

diverticulosis: crampy pain
diverticulitis: bleeding, fever, pain, tender mass

37
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A 
only large bowel (rectum, left colon or entire lg bowel)
lining only
rectum always involved
continuous area (no skip lesions)
ulcers
increased risk bowel cancer
chronic bloody diarrhea and pain
38
Q

Crohn’s

A 
any part of tract from mouth to anus
skip lesions
transmural
granulomas
can cause fissures, stenosis (d/t thickening of the wall), fissures may turn into sinuses leading to abscesses or fistulas

diarrhea, pain, fever
occult blood

39
Q

signs and symptoms large bowel cancer

A

bleeding, change in bowel habit, obstruction and anemia

  • long asymptomatic period
  • curable if caught early
40
Q

signs and symptoms of GI obstructon

A

vomiting, pain, abdominal distention

41
Q

what is hemianopsia?

A

loss of left or right visual field in both eyes. lesion located in visual pathways posterior to optic chiasm

42
Q

epidural hematoma

A

b/w skull and dura
normally assoc with tearing meningeal artery
lucid interval prior ro deterioration

43
Q

subdural hematoma

A

between dura and arachnoid

can present acutely (hours) or in a delayed fashion

44
Q

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

most commonly d/t systemic hypertension

rupture of arteries basal ganglia, brain stem or cerebellum

45
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

d/t to ruptures of berry aneurysms at bifurcation of large arteries at base of brain
present with sudden, severe headache

46
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
resistant to disinfection processes
characterized by dementia (progession over mths to years)
development of vacuoles in the gray matter (spongiform change)

47
Q

potential signs and symptoms of brain tumours

A

functional deficit: paralysis, visual field deficit, seizure

symptoms assoc with intracranial pressure: headache, vomiting, clouding of consciousness, ataxia, incontinence

48
Q

alzheimer’s

A

Main symptom: dementia
Principal neurons lost: cerebral cortex
Pathological change: plaques and tangles

49
Q

parkinson’s

A

Main symptom: movement disorders
Principal neurons lost: substantia nigra
Pathological change: lewy bodies and neurites

50
Q

ALS

A

Main symptom: weakness
Principal neurons lost: motor neurons
Pathological change: ubiquinated inclusions

51
Q

Major effects of Alcohol

A
  1. seizures upon withdrawal
    2.Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: vit deficiency
    characterized by confusion, ataxia, extraocular palsies
    assoc with petechial hemorrhages in the mammillary bodies. in chronic stage - can’t develop new memories
  2. cerebellar degeneration, truncal ataxia
  3. peripheral neuropathy
52
Q

whats the diff between lobar and broncho pneumonia

A

broncho - infection spread by airways, patchy, seen in extremes of life, complication of viral infection

lobar - entire lung or lobe, occurs in debilitated people

Pathology (9 decks)

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