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Pathology > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function

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2
Q

what does rubor mean?

A

redness

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3
Q

what does tumor mean?

A

swelling

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4
Q

what does calor mean?

A

heat

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5
Q

what does dolor mean?

A

pain

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6
Q

what does functio laesa mean?

A

loss of or impaired function

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7
Q

define inflammation

A

the series of reactions that occur at the site of injury

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory reaction?

A
  1. To destroy or limit the spread of the injurious agent

2. To allow for repair or replacement of the damaged tissue

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9
Q

what are 3 important points about inflammation?

A
  1. Dynamic - ever-changing process, reactions succeed or overlap each other
  2. Non-lethal - the injury must not have resulted in destroyed tissue at the outset
  3. Non-specific - the first thing that happens no matter what type of injury. The intensity, duration & outcome are modified by host factors and factors of the type of injury
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10
Q

Name some causes of inflammation

A

infection
trauma
immunologically mediated (cell- or antibody-mediated)
result of ischemia

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11
Q

what are chemotactic factors for neutrophils?

A 
complement fractions
bacterial and viral products
collagen breakdown fragments
components of kinin system
breakdown fragments of fibrin
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12
Q

what is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

2-4 days

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13
Q

what is the lifespan of macrophages?

A

months to years

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14
Q

which cells are the most phagocytotic? followed by?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

followed by esoinophils

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15
Q

what is a monocyte?

A

its the name of a macrophage when it’s in the blood vessel.

Once it leaves the blood vessel, it’s called a macrophage or histiocyte

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16
Q

you know what opsonins do, but what are opsonins?

A

usually either immunoglobulins (eg. IgG) or complement fractions (eg. C3b)

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17
Q

what are the possible fates of engulfed material?

A

material destroyed
material destroys phagocyte
organism survives inside phagocyte

18
Q

what differentiates chronic inflammation from acute?

A
  1. proliferation of connective tissue (fibroblasts) and vessels (angiogenesis)
  2. local increase in macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
19
Q

what is a special type of chronic inflammation? and what forms of injury is this characteristic of? what is characteristically present in this type?

A

Granulomatous inflammation
TB, syphilis, some fungi, foreign body
presence of granulomas

20
Q

Desribe a granuloma

A

well-circumscribed collection of epitheliod macrophages
may or may not be centralized focus of necrotic debris
presence of multinucleated giant cells (macrophages have fused cell membranes. Also, an outer rim of lymphocytes and plasma cells usually seen

21
Q

what are the types of exudate?

A

serous, fibrinous, suppurative or purulent, catarrhal, sanguineous

22
Q

describe serous

A

fluid contains only albumin

characteristically derives from serousal surfaces - pleural, peritoneal, pericardial & synovial

23
Q

describe fibrinous

A

presence of fibrin

seen in more severe inflammation with greater vascular permeability

24
Q

describe suppurative / purulent

A

large amount of pus (fluid containing neutrophils and liquefied tissue debris and bacteria)

25
Q

describe catarrhal

A

outpouring of large amount of mucous secretion

eg. common cold - viral infection of resp epithelium of nose

26
Q

describe sanguineous

A

contains large amount of red blood cells

27
Q

What is an abcess?

A

localized collection of pus in a tissue or organ

28
Q

what is cellulitis?

A

diffuse inflammation that spreads deep within solid tissues

29
Q

what is a carbuncle?

A

abcess of subcutaneous tissue. Usually these will drain to the (boil) surface

30
Q

what is empyema?

A

collection of pus in pre-formed cavity - most frequently the pleural cavity

31
Q

what is an ulcer?

A

a local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or surface covered by epithlium (mucous membrane, skin)

32
Q

what is pseudomembranous?

A

occurs on mucosal surfaces

characterized by the accumulation of fibrin, necrotic debris, and acute inflammatory cells on the surface

33
Q

what is a fistula?

A

abnormal communication between two hollow organs, both lined with epithelium, may be congenital or result from neoplasm or trauma

34
Q

what is a sinus?

A

abnormal tract between a solid organ and an epithlial covered surface, usually skin (eg. pulmonary abcess that drains to skin)

35
Q

what are the systemic effects of inflammation?

A

fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, sleepiness

36
Q

define cicatrix

A

a scar, the fibrous tissue left after the healing of a wound

37
Q

what is granulation tissue?

A

small, rounded masses of tissue formed during healing; made up of newly formed capillaries, fibroblasts elaborating connective tissue, and macrophages

38
Q

What are three groupings of cells based on their regenerative capacity?

A

labile - continue to proliferate throughout life. Follow cell cycle from one mitosis to the next..
Stable- Not actively proliferating, but able to reenter mitosis. Considered to be in G0
Permanent- cannot divide in postnatal life. have left cell cycle

39
Q

what is an adhesion?

A

fibrous connection between two serosal surfaces usually d/t abdominal surgery.

40
Q

what is a keloid?

A

a type of scar, repair/connective tissue proliferation in dermis that exceeds amount needed. It is a raised firm lesion with sharp, often irregular outline and a smooth, shiny surface. made up of mostly collagen fibers

41
Q

what are factors influencing the rate of healing?

A

age
size of wound
secondary infection
dietary status

42
Q

what are things we may do to influence healing?

A 
protect the wound
prompt irrigation
immobilize injured area
avoid manipulation
drainage of exudate and pus
administration of antibiotics in infections
(+ there's 7 more in notes)

Pathology (9 decks)

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