Sections 1-4 Flashcards
1
Q
The process where DNA is converted into RNA
A
Transcription
2
Q
The process where RNA is converted into DNA
A
Translation
3
Q
What is the end product of glycolysis
A
pyruvate
4
Q
How many Na+ move out of the cell, and how many K move into the cell with the sodium/potassium pump?
A
3; 2
5
Q
Glucose–>glycogen
A
glycogenesis
6
Q
glycogen–>glucose
A
glycogenolysis
7
Q
Proteins, fat–>glucose
A
gluconeogenesis
8
Q
process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus (extracellular) into another [cellular responses]
A
signal transduction
9
Q
T/F? Cardiomyocytes are terminal (cannot divide anymore)?
A
True
10
Q
Mature cell type replaced by different mature cell type
A
Metaplasia
11
Q
undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structure
A
anaplasia
12
Q
Low oxygen to tissue
A
hypoxia
13
Q
oxygen deprivation to tissue
A
ischemia
14
Q
cell/tissue death from no oxygen
A
infarction
15
Q
Piece of DNA at the end of a chromosome that is lost with each cell division
A
telomere
16
Q
WBC granulocytes (3)
A
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
17
Q
WBC agranulocytes (2)
A
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
18
Q
Neutrophils undergo
A
Phagocytosis
19
Q
Basohpils undergo
A
histamine release
20
Q
Eosinophils undergo
A
combat effect of histamine
21
Q
Monocytes
A
can enter tissue to become macrophages
22
Q
Lymphocytes
A
produce cytokines
23
Q
Histamine
A
Vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
24
Q
Bradykinin
A
vasodilation, pain, increase capillary permeability, and chemotaxis
25
Mediators of inflammation- released by damaged cells
leukotrienes, prostaglandins
26
Four cardinal signs of inflammation
redness (increased blood flow to area), warmth, swelling (increased fluid in interstitial space), pain (release of chemical mediators- bradykinin)
27
Systemic effects of inflammation
malaise, fatigue, headache, loss of appetite
28
Leukocytosis
Increase in WBCs, especially immature neutrophils
29
Where are glucocorticoids made?
adrenal cortex
30
Effects of glucocorticoids include
decrease capillary permeability, decrease # of mast cells and leukocytes, decrease immune response (immunosuppressant)
31
Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
decrease WBC's (infection), increase tissue breakdown, delay healing, delay growth in children, retention of sodium and water (edema and high BP)
32
Types of healing
Resolution
Regeneration
Replacement
33
Resolution
minimal tissue damage
34
Regeneration
damage tissue replaced with cells that are functional
35
Replacement
functional tissue replaced by fibrous or scar tissue; loss of function
36
Process in which lymphocytes are programmed to attack "non-self" cells to protect the body
Cell-mediated immunity
37
Antigens
stimulate immune response (trigger production of matched antibodies; activate immune cells)
38
MHC class I
- present in all nucleated cells; endogenous
| - tumor cells, virus infected cells, "self" antigen
39
MHC class II
present on macrophages and some other immune cells; exogenous
40
Immune cells develop and mature in
bone marrow (only matures in thymus)
41
Macrophages
- engulf foreign material
- process foreign antigen (MHC class II)
- display processed antigen on cell surface- presenting it to lymphocytes
- secrete interleukins
42
Lymphocytes
primary cells in immune response
43
Types of Lymphocytes (3)
T cells, B cells, NK (natural killer)
44
T lymphocytes
participate in cell-mediated immunity
45
T lymphocytes subgroups
- Cytotoxic (CD8+) -destroys cells
- Helper T cells (CD4+)- secrete cytokines; activate and regulate all cells in the immune system
- Suppressor T cells- suppress immune cells
- Memory T cells- remember the antigen (fight off easier)
46
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity; produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)
| -become antibody producing plasma cells after exposure to antigen and with the help of helper T cells
47
Most common antibody in blood
IgG
48
Natural antibodies (ABO blood typing) and are prominent in early immune response
IgM
49
Immunoglobulin in secretions (tears, saliva, mucus)
IgA
50
Allergic response immunoglobulin (results in inflammation)
IgE
51
Antibody attaches to B cells and needed for B cell maturation
IgD
52
Type 1 hypersensitivity
allergic reactions; development of IgE's
- complications: anaphylaxis, decreased bp, edema, hypoxia
- ex: asthma, eczema, rhinitis
53
Type II hypersensitivity
- antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- IgG's react with antigen
- ex: response to incompatible blood transfusion
54
Type III hypersensitivity
- immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
- antigen combines with antibody and is deposited into tissue (attract neutrophils that degranulate and destroy tissue)
- ex: RA, glomerulornephritis
55
Type IV hypersensitivity
- cell mediated or delayed
- destruction of antigen, inflammatory response
- ex: latex, contact dermititis
56
How do bacteria divide?
binary fission
57
Gram +
purple stain; color binds to thick peptidoglycan
- NO outer membrane
- penicillin only affects gram +
58
Gram -
pink stain; thin layer of peptidoglycan
| -outer membrane layer present
59
exotoxins
produced by gram + bacteria usually; secreted by host cell and released into the body's fluids
60
endotoxins
present in cell wall of gram - bacteria and released when bacteria die
61
reverse transcriptase
RNA to DNA
62
pathogenicity
Ability of microbe to cause disease (non-pathogen can become pathogen)
63
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity
64
Septicemia
bacteria reproducing and circulating in bloodstream
65
leukopenia
decrease in WBC (viral infection present)
66
Increase in neutrophils is seen in acute or chronic infections?
acute
67
Increase in lymphocytes and monocytes seen in acute or chronic infections?
chronic
68
decrease rate of reproduction of bacteria
bacteriostatic
69
adverse effects of radiation
```
decreased leukocytes (infection)
decreased erthryocytes (anemia, fatigue)
decreased platelets (excessive bleeding)
```
70
keratoses
harmless benign lesions usually associated with aging and skin damage
-seborrhic or acitinic
71
ABCD of melanoma
increase in area
change in border
change in color
increase in diameter
72
hydrostatic pressure
filtration: determined by pressure of fluid
| moves from higher to lower pressure
73
osmotic pressure
osmosis: determined by protein/electrolyte balance
| - moves from lower to higher concentration of SOLUTES
74
Amount of fluid filtered across a semi-permeable membrane is proportional to net filtration pressure
Starling's Law
75
Four Starling Law forces
1) hydrostatic pressure in capillary
2) hydrostatic pressure in interstitium
3) osmotic pressure in capillary
4) osmotic pressure in interstitium
