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A. Vet Physiology > Section V: Endocrinology, Section VI: Reproduction and Lactation > Flashcards

Section V: Endocrinology, Section VI: Reproduction and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 33 The Endocrine System

In general, hormones are classified as proteins, peptides, and steroids. Which one of the following hormones is a peptide?

a. Growth hormone
b. Insulin
c. Vasopressin
d. Dopamine
e. Epinephrine

A

C

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2
Q

In general, steroid hormones are classified as mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and sex steroids. Which one of the following
hormones is a glucocorticoid?

a. Aldosterone
b. Growth hormone
c. Cortisol
d. Testosterone
e. Estrone

A

C

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3
Q

Direct feedback control of corticotropin-releasing hormone by ACTH is termed:

a. Negative feedback.
b. Positive feedback.
c. Short-loop feedback.
d. Long-loop feedback

A

C

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4
Q

Hormones from the proopiomelanocortin family are synthesized from precursor hormones produced in either the pars distalisor the pars intermedia. The two main hormones produced by these two lobes (in respective order) are:

a. α-MSH and endorphin
b. ACTH and endorphin
c. α-MSH and ACTH
d. ACTH and α-MSH
e. ACTH and α-lipotropin

A

E

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5
Q

Increased hormonal activity that occurs during daylight hours is termed _ rhythm.

a. Circadian
b. Diurnal
c. Nocturnal
d. Ultradian

A

B

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6
Q

Chapter 34 Endocrine Glands and Their Function

The other main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, in addition to tetraiodothyronine and triiodothyronine, is:

a. Calcitonin
b. Insulin
c. Parathyroid hormone
d. Glucagon
e. Somatostatin

A

A

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7
Q

The most important function of mineralocorticoids is control
of:

a. Carbohydrate metabolism
b. Glucose metabolism
c. Electrolyte metabolism
d. Protein metabolism

A

C

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8
Q

The pancreas has four types of cells, each of which produces a specific hormone. For example, the α cells of the pancreas
produce:

a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptide

A

B

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9
Q

Two hormones play an important role in calcium homeostasis. The two hormones, _ and _ , cause an increase and a decrease in calcium concentrations, respectively:

a. Calcitonin; glucagon
b. Somatostatin; calcitonin
c. Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
d. Parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
e. Parathyroid hormone; glucagon

A

D

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10
Q

The main functions of the catecholamines are to allow rapid body responses to acute stimuli, which include the mobilization of glucose. The catecholamines are secreted by the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. The main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system is _ , whereas _ is the main hormone produced by the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla.

a. Serotonin; epinephrine
b. Epinephrine; serotonin
c. Epinephrine; norepinephrine
d. Norepinephrine; epinephrine
e. Serotonin; melatonin

A

D

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11
Q

Chapter 35 Reproductive System Development and Sexual Differentiation

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Müllerian ducts develop in the female because of the presence of estrogen.
b. Müllerian ducts develop in the female because of a müllerian-stimulating factor.
c. Wolffian ducts develop in the male because of a wolffian-stimulating factor.
d. Wolffian ducts develop in the male because of the presence of androgen

A

D

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12
Q

The most potent factor involved in the organization of the internal and external parts of the genital tract is:

a. Müllerian-inhibiting factor
b. Müllerian-stimulating factor
c. Estrogen
d. Androgen

A

D

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13
Q

Which of the following groups of hormones is transported to the anterior pituitary by the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system?

a. Oxytocin, GnRH, and dopamine
b. GnRH, dopamine, and vasopressin
c. Dopamine, vasopressin, and oxytocin
d. Dopamine and GnRH

A

D

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14
Q

Which of the following groups of hormones controls the synthesis and release of hypophyseal hormones involved in reproductive processes?

a. Oxytocin, GnRH, VIP, and dopamine
b. GnRH, dopamine, VIP, and vasopressin
c. Dopamine, vasopressin, VIP, and oxytocin
d. GAP, dopamine, VIP, and GnRH
e. GAP, GnRH, VIP, and oxytocin

A

C

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15
Q

Which of the following factors is responsible for causing oocytes
to remain in a diplotene or dictyate state?

a. Müllerian-inhibiting factor
b. Müllerian-stimulating factor
c. Meiosis-inhibiting factor
d. Meiosis-stimulating factor
e. Wolffian-inhibiting factor
f. Wolffian-stimulating factor

A

C

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16
Q

Chapter 36 The Ovarian Cycle

The main hormone secreted by the dominant follicle that allows the follicle to maintain its dominant state is:

a. Estrogen
b. Inhibin
c. Oocyte-inhibiting factor
d. Progesterone

A

B

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17
Q

The factor that is most important in deciding whether a lutealphase dominant follicle will go on to ovulation is:

a. Inadequate pituitary stimulation
b. Regression of the CL
c. Atresia of the follicle

A

B

18
Q

The initiation of the preovulatory LH surge that leads to ovulation in spontaneous ovulators results from:

a. Estrogen
b. Inhibin
c. Progesterone
d. FSH
e. Prolactin

A

A

19
Q

The substance responsible for the regression of the CL in large domestic animals is:

a. Estrogen
b. Inhibin
c. Oxytocin
d. Prolactin
e. PGF2α

A

E

20
Q

Ovarian follicle patterns in animals that are induced ovulators—that is, those that require copulation for the induction of
ovulation—are as follows:

a. Ovarian follicle waves greatly overlap.
b. Ovarian follicle waves slightly overlap.
c. Ovarian follicle waves are distinctly separated.
d. All the above

A

C

21
Q

Chapter 37 The Estrous/Menstrual Cycle

The first estrous cycle of the cow subsequent to parturition follows which sequence?

a. Anestrus, diestrus, estrus, metestrus, proestrus
b. Anestrus, estrus, diestrus, metestrus, proestrus
c. Anestrus, metestrus, diestrus, estrus, proestrus
d. Anestrus, proestrus, estrus, diestrus, proestrus
e. Anestrus, proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus

A

E

22
Q

The usual situation in large domestic animals is for a dominant follicle or dominant follicles to be present at the time of luteal regression, with sexual receptivity manifested within 1 to 2 days after luteal regression; the one large animal species that is the exception to this generalization is the:

a. Cow
b. Doe
c. Ewe
d. Mare
e. Sow

A

E

23
Q

The hormones that form the foundation for sexual receptivity are:

a. Estrogen and PGF2α
b. Progesterone and estrogen
c. Estrogen and GnRH
d. Progesterone and PGF2α

A

C

24
Q

Decreasing light turns off cyclical ovarian activity after a number of months, whereas increasing light reverses the process after a number of months, including the development of a transitional period. This description fits which domestic species?

a. Cat
b. Cow
c. Dog
d. Goat
e. Horse

A

E

25
Q

What response results from the Whitten effect, in which the introduction of a male into a group of noncyclical animals
results in the reestablishment of ovarian activity?

a. Increased estrogen secretion
b. Increased progesterone secretion
c. Increased prolactin secretion
d. Increased follicle-stimulating hormone secretion
e. Increased luteinizing hormone secretion
f. Increased follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing
hormone secretion

A

F

26
Q

Which one of the following domestic species requires progesterone priming, in addition to estrogen, to manifest estrus
(therefore not manifesting estrus with the first ovarian cycle in the postpartum period)?

a. Cat
b. Dog
c. Goat
d. Horse
e. Pig
f. Sheep

A

F

27
Q

Chapter 38 Pregnancy and Parturition

Active rescue of luteal activity through suppression of pulsatile prostaglandin synthesis and release by the production of embryonic signals must occur in which of the following species for a developing pregnancy to have the early progestational support essential for pregnancy maintenance? (Select all that
apply.)

a. Cattle
b. Dog
c. Goat
d. Horse
e. Pig
f. Sheep

A

A C D E F

28
Q

In primates, it has been established that estrogen production during much of pregnancy is a cooperative venture between fetal adrenals and the placenta. The domestic species most extensively studied in this regard is the horse. In this species the main two interactive organs involved in the synthesis of estrogen during pregnancy are the placenta and the:

a. Fetal adrenals
b. Fetal gonads
c. Fetal liver
d. Fetal hypothalamus

A

B

29
Q

Which of the following hormones initiates the final process that eventually leads to parturition?

a. Maternal estrogen
b. Maternal progesterone
c. Fetal cortisol
d. Maternal relaxin

A

C

30
Q

The hormone that initiates the myometrial contractile process that acutely initiates parturition is:

a. Maternal estrogen
b. Maternal progesterone
c. Fetal cortisol
d. Maternal relaxin
e. Maternal prostaglandin
f. Maternal oxytocin

A

E

31
Q

The hormone released by the passage of the fetus into the pelvic canal through the cervix is:

a. Maternal estrogen
b. Maternal progesterone
c. Fetal cortisol
d. Maternal relaxin
e. Maternal prostaglandin
f. Maternal oxytocin

A

F

32
Q

Chapter 39 The Mammary Gland and Lactation

The development of the duct system in the mammary gland is under the control of estrogens, growth hormone, and adrenal steroids. If the duct system is to develop functional milk-secreting
units, called alveoli, which of the following hormone(s) are essential to this development?

a. Progesterone
b. Prolactin
c. Relaxin
d. Prolactin and progesterone

A

D

33
Q

The hormone that is most important for the maintenance of lactation (lactogenesis) is:

a. Estrogen
b. Oxytocin
c. Progesterone
d. Prolactin

A

D

34
Q

Sensory inputs (including sound, sight, and smell, but not necessarily touch) elicit the release of what important hormone
required for the lactation process in the cow?

a. Estrogen
b. Oxytocin
c. Progesterone
d. Prolactin

A

B

35
Q

The contraction of what anatomical structure is of fundamental importance for the release of milk from the udder of the cow?

a. Alveoli
b. Duct
c. Myoepithelial cell
d. Duct cistern

A

C

36
Q

The most important energy source in milk is:

a. Carbohydrates
b. Lactose
c. Lipids
d. Proteins

A

C

37
Q

Chapter 40 Reproductive Physiology of the Male

For most domestic species, the duration of spermatogenesis is approximately:

a. 120 days
b. 10 days
c. 60 days
d. 6 months

A

C

38
Q

Normal spermatogenesis in domestic mammals requires a testicular temperature that is:

a. Higher than core body temperature
b. Lower than core body temperature
c. The same as core body temperature
d. Above freezing but below boiling

A

B

39
Q

Normal spermatogenesis requires an intratesticular testosterone concentration that is:

a. The same as circulating levels
b. Lower than circulating levels
c. Static and unchanging
d. Much higher than circulating levels

A

D

40
Q

Puberty in the male:

a. Occurs at about the same time for all species.
b. Is influenced only by the age of the animal.
c. Is synonymous with sexual maturity.
d. Is defined as when he is first able to produce sufficient numbers of sperm to impregnate a female.

A

D

41
Q

Anabolic steroids are testosterone derivatives and therefore:

a. Should be helpful in treating infertile males.
b. Have no effect on male fertility.
c. Enhance testicular function.
d. Should not be used in males intended for breeding because of negative-feedback effects.

A

D

A. Vet Physiology (9 decks)

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