Section 1: The Cell Flashcards
Increasing the extracellular K+ concentration will:
a. Have no effect on the resting membrane potential.
b. Cause the resting membrane potential to decrease (i.e., cause the inside to become less negative with respect to the outside).
c. Cause the resting membrane potential to increase (i.e.,
cause the inside to become more negative with respect to
the outside).
d. Increase the concentration potential for K+ across the
plasma membrane.
e. Require the Na+, K+ pump to work harder to pump K+.
Increasing the extracellular K+ concentration will:
a. Have no effect on the resting membrane potential.
b. Cause the resting membrane potential to decrease (i.e., cause the inside to become less negative with respect to the outside).
c. Cause the resting membrane potential to increase (i.e.,
cause the inside to become more negative with respect to
the outside).
d. Increase the concentration potential for K+ across the
plasma membrane.
e. Require the Na+, K+ pump to work harder to pump K+.
G proteins are similar to receptors in that both:
a. Bind extracellular signaling molecules.
b. Interact directly with adenylyl cyclase catalytic subunits.
c. Have activated and inactivated states dependent on ligand binding.
d. Are extracellular protein molecules.
e. Directly activate a protein kinase activity
G proteins are similar to receptors in that both:
a. Bind extracellular signaling molecules.
b. Interact directly with adenylyl cyclase catalytic subunits.
c. Have activated and inactivated states dependent on ligand binding.
d. Are extracellular protein molecules.
e. Directly activate a protein kinase activity
Which of the following statements concerning intracellular Ca2+ is false?
a. It is a second messenger for hormones and neurotransmitters.
b. It is responsible for excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle.
c. An increase in its concentration in a nerve terminal stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter.
d. It activates protein kinase A.
e. Its concentration is increased in the presence of IP3.
Which of the following statements concerning intracellular Ca2+ is false?
a. It is a second messenger for hormones and neurotransmitters.
b. It is responsible for excitation-contraction coupling in smooth muscle.
c. An increase in its concentration in a nerve terminal stimulates the release of a neurotransmitter.
d. It activates protein kinase A.
e. Its concentration is increased in the presence of IP3.
If, in a particular capillary bed, the plasma oncotic pressure were to increase and hydrostatic pressure remained constant:
a. More blood plasma would filter from the capillaries.
b. The transport effect would be similar to decreasing hydrostatic pressure.
c. One would suspect a deficiency in blood protein levels.
d. One would suspect an increase i extracellular fluid protein concentrations.
e. Fluid reabsorption on the venous side of the capillary bed would decline.
If, in a particular capillary bed, the plasma oncotic pressure were to increase and hydrostatic pressure remained constant:
a. More blood plasma would filter from the capillaries.
b. The transport effect would be similar to decreasing hydrostatic pressure.
c. One would suspect a deficiency in blood protein levels.
d. One would suspect an increase i extracellular fluid protein concentrations.
e. Fluid reabsorption on the venous side of the capillary bed would decline.**
Substance X is found to be at a much higher concentration on the outside of a cell than in the cytoplasm, but no transport of X from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm occurs. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with this situation?
a. Substance X has the same electrochemical potential outside and inside the cell.
b. Substance X is large, is poorly soluble in oil, and has no transport proteins in the membrane.
c. Substance X is an ion, and the measured membrane potential is the equilibrium potential calculated by the Nernst equation.
d. Substance X is a steroid molecule.
e. Substance X is actively transported from the cell to the
extracellular fluid.
Substance X is found to be at a much higher concentration on the outside of a cell than in the cytoplasm, but no transport of X from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm occurs. Which of the following statements is inconsistent with this situation?
a. Substance X has the same electrochemical potential outside and inside the cell.
b. Substance X is large, is poorly soluble in oil, and has no transport proteins in the membrane.
c. Substance X is an ion, and the measured membrane potential is the equilibrium potential calculated by the Nernst equation.
d. Substance X is a steroid molecule.
e. Substance X is actively transported from the cell to the
extracellular fluid.
Which of the following is associated with normal stimulation of cellular proliferation?
a. Oncogenes
b. Tumor suppressor genes
c. Telomerase
d. Proto-oncogenes
e. Caspases
Which of the following is associated with normal stimulation of cellular proliferation?
a. Oncogenes
b. Tumor suppressor genes
c. Telomerase
d. Proto-oncogenes
e. Caspases
In the growth factor pathway, the growth factor first binds to
________, which leads to activation of ____, in turn causing activation of a cascade of ________ enzymes leading to alterations in transcription.
a. G-protein–coupled receptors; G proteins; adenylyl cyclase
b. receptor tyrosine kinases; Ras; MAP kinase
c. receptor tyrosine kinases; Bcl-2; caspase
d. cyclin-dependent kinases; pRb; telomerase
e. tumor suppressors; oncogenes; checkpoint
In the growth factor pathway, the growth factor first binds to
________, which leads to activation of ____, in turn causing activation of a cascade of ________ enzymes leading to alterations in transcription.
a. G-protein–coupled receptors; G proteins; adenylyl cyclase
b. receptor tyrosine kinases; Ras; MAP kinase
c. receptor tyrosine kinases; Bcl-2; caspase
d. cyclin-dependent kinases; pRb; telomerase
e. tumor suppressors; oncogenes; checkpoint
Which of the following mediate(s) apoptosis?
a. Telomerase
b. Cytochrome c
c. Receptor tyrosine kinases
d. Cyclin-dependent kinases
e. Cyclins
Which of the following mediate(s) apoptosis?
a. Telomerase
b. Cytochrome c
c. Receptor tyrosine kinases
d. Cyclin-dependent kinases
e. Cyclins
The tumor suppressor pRb is a(n) _ and participates in regulating the cell cycles of _ cells, whereas P53 is a(n) _ and participates in regulating the cell
cycle of _ cells.
a. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor;
healthy
b. transcription factor; damaged; inhibitor of apoptosis; healthy
c. caspase; damaged; inhibitor of transcription; damaged
d. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; receptor tyrosine kinase;
healthy.
e. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor;
damaged
The tumor suppressor pRb is a(n) _ and participates in regulating the cell cycles of _ cells, whereas P53 is a(n) _ and participates in regulating the cell
cycle of _ cells.
a. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor;
healthy
b. transcription factor; damaged; inhibitor of apoptosis; healthy
c. caspase; damaged; inhibitor of transcription; damaged
d. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; receptor tyrosine kinase;
healthy.
e. inhibitor of transcription; healthy; transcription factor;
damaged
Normal stem cells are similar to cancer cells but differ from normal somatic cells in that normal stem cells and cancer cells both:
a. Are missing checkpoint controls on the cell cycle.
b. Have cell cycles that are independent of activation of cyclindependent kinases.
c. Have activated telomerase.
d. Are resistant to apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
e. Are able to metastasize to distant, foreign tissues.
Normal stem cells are similar to cancer cells but differ from normal somatic cells in that normal stem cells and cancer cells both:
a. Are missing checkpoint controls on the cell cycle.
b. Have cell cycles that are independent of activation of cyclindependent kinases.
c. Have activated telomerase.
d. Are resistant to apoptosis in response to DNA damage.
e. Are able to metastasize to distant, foreign tissues.
