Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Science > Section Two Total War to end > Flashcards

Section Two Total War to end Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards Sociology 101 flashcards
0
Q

In the initial months of the war what strategy did the French focus on?

A

An offensive strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What did historians argue about the offensives of 1915 were a result of?

A

The Allied strategies of relieving pressure on Russia and coordinating pressure on Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did generals believe was the key weapon of trench warfare?

A

Artillery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did Britain introduce conscription?

A

In 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is one of the counterintuitive facts about World War Two?

A

As the war continued the total number of men in arms grew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was one of the central issues leading to an outburst of Irish nationalism in the Easter 1916 uprising?

A

The extension of British conscription to Ireland in 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Irish independence declared and recognized?

A

In January 1919 and recognized by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What central power produced the most artillery shells?

A

Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What Entente produced the most artillery shells?

A

The United Kingdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What central power produced the least artillery shells?

A

Austria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What Entente power produced the least artillery shells?

A

The US, we joined late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When were the new set of Russian conscription rules enacted?

A

September 1915 at the height of the German assault

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The new Russian conscription rules lead to massive Russian uprisings where?

A

Central Asia with the Kiriz and other nomadic and Muslim tribes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

By when had the forces of both sides decide that the crucial battles would be fought on the Western Front?

A

By the end of 1915

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When did the Entente meet to decide on coordinating offensives focusing on a major push at the Somme?

A

At Chantilly in December 1915

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was the German Chief of Staff Falkenhayn’s decision in December 1915?

A

To lure the French into the exposed salient of Verdun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Joffre think about Verdun?

A

It should be abandoned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did the French Prime Minister Aristide Briand think about Verdun?

A

It was important to hold for moral purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When did the Germans open the battle of Verdun?

A

February 21, 1916 with 1,200 guns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many railway wagons of shells were rained on the French in a single day by the German 5th army?

A

17 1/2 wagons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Between February and December 1916 how many shells and how many million tons of steel were launched at both sides during the Battle of Verdun?

A

10 million artillery shells and 1.35 million tons of steel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two new weapons were used by the Germans during the Battle of Verdun?

A

Flamethroweres and phosgene gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did the Germans hope would happen to the French after the railway to Verdun was destroyed?

A

That the French would be undersupplied and under-equipped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was the French response to the Germans attempt to destroy the railway at Verdun?

A

Mobilize 3,400 trucks and 9,000 men to keep moving supplies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

At the peak of the French supply system at Verdun, how any trucks were being used a day?

A

1700 trucks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

According to what historian did the Germans suffer what number of casualties from artillery at Verdun?

A

According to Historian Holger Herwig that 58% of German deaths were attributed to artilley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

58% of all German casualties at Verdun were because of what weapon?

A

Artillery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What percentage of casualties of Verdun were deaths?

A

40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What were the German goals for the Battle of Verdun and were they successful?

A

To take Verdun or inflict much higher casualties on the French than the Germans but neither were succesful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why was Verdun actually less deadly than the battles of 1914 and 1915?

A

Due to defensive innovations such as better gas, better trenches and multiple layers of trenches to halt breakthroughs, also charges weren’t ordered until after a massive artillery bombardment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

By May 26, 1916 how many French divisions had fought at Verdun and what were their casualties?

A

52 French divisions suffering 150,000 casualties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What did the Battle of Verdun cause in relation to the Battle of the Somme?

A

Joffre requested that Britain launch its own offensive to relieve pressure, also he had to reduce the number of French divisions from 42 to 22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How could the General Philippe Petain spared more troops for the Somme offensives?

A

By not using a rapid rotation system of troops that required large numbers of reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When did the Russians launch their attack in response to the Battle of Verdun?

A

March 18, 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happened at the Battle of Lake Narcoz?

A

The Russians with 350,000 to Germany’s 75,000; 3 times as many guns and a two day heavy barrage and attacked the Germans suffering 100,000 casualties to the Germans 20,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What were the Russian disadvantages at the Battle of Lake Narcoz?

A

Their artillery did not have reliable targeting information and lack of coordination between bombardment and infary attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Who was Russia’s most intelligent student of warfare?

A

General Alexei Brusilov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

When the Tsar asked for ideas on a new offensive who was the only general who responded?

A

General Brusilov who asked for an offensive on the Galacian front with Austria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What did Brusilov do to ensure success in his attacks?

A

Dig sapper trenches close to enemy lines, used aerial photography to coordinate artillery strikes, hidden reserves, misinformation and plan an attack on a broad front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What was the proportion of troops on the Austrian front prior to the Russian offensive?

A

500,000 Austrians to 600,000 Russians who had more guns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why was the Austrian side weakened before the Brusilov Offensive?

A

Due to the transfer of twenty German divisions to France and six Austrian divisions that went to Italy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How did the Austrian offensive in Italy in May 1916 go?

A

Very well, the Austrian took 40,000 prisoners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What was the result of the Austrian offensive in Italy in May 1916?

A

It forced the Entente to Russia to launch its offensive early. The Russian Commander in Chief Mikhail V. ALekseev to order Brusilov to launch his offensive a month earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Who was the Russian Commander in Chief in May 1916?

A

Mikhail V. Alekseev

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When did the Brusilov offensive begin?

A

June 4, 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How did the Brusilov offensive go?

A

Excellent, the Austrians didn’t know where to send their reserves, the Russian bombardment smashed through the barbed wire and the troops from the sapper trenches were able to get to the first Austrian trenches before they could recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How many prisoners did the Russians take within a week of the start of the Brusilov offensive?

A

200,000 prisoners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many casualties did the northern section of the Brusilov offensive give and take?

A

The Russians took 80,000 casualties and the Germans 16,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What was the result of the Brusilov offernsive?

A

Eight Austrian divisions were transferred from Italy to the Russian Front also Germany sent troops to help the Austrian defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How many forces were involved in the Somme Offensive?

A

13 British and 11 French Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

When did the Somme Offensive begin?

A

July 1 1916 with a week of artillery bombardments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How many guns were used and what was the proportion of guns to front?

A

1437 or one per every 17 yards of front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How many British shells were fired by the British?

A

1.5 million shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What was the problems with British artillery bombardments at the Somme?

A

Couldn’t hit the targets due to rapid expansion, massive amounts of barbed wire, destruction of surprise and German bunkers able to resist shells most of which were to light to destroy the bunkers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How many casualties did the British suffer on the first day of the Somme offensive?

A

57,470 with 19,240 dead or nearly 1/5 of the entire force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How did the Somme Offensive after the first day go?

A

The British commander Sir Douglas Haig launched 46 separate attacks over the next ten days resulting in an additional 25,000 casualties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Why did the British offensives at Somme fail?

A

The German defense in depth and local counter attacks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What was special about September 15, 1916?

A

The first time that tanks were used making 3.5 kilometers protecting the infantry before the broke down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why were airplanes not effective during the Battle of the Somme?

A

The weather grounded the planes, aerial photograph, reconnaissance and data relay was not a very well developed process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How many casualties were taken by all sides at Somme?

A

The French took 194,500 casualties; the British 432,000 casualties and the Germans 230,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

How did the Battle of the Somme go down in history?

A

As a testament to the futility of the offensive in the technological conditions of WWI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What did Brusilov’s success do to Romania?

A

Convince them to join the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What happened to Romania?

A

Its 620,000 soldiers were wiped out by the Germans, Austrians, Bulgarians and Turks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What was the result of Romania’s occupation?

A

The Central Powers gained over a million tons of oil per year, meats and timber. It also forced Russia to deploy 27 divisions along the new 270 kilometer enemy front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What did the Romanian entry into the war cause the Kaiser to do?

A

To replace Chief of Staff Erich von Falkenhayn with General Paul von Hindenburg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Who was the cost of the Brusilov campaign to Russia?

A

2 million casualties with 1 million dead causing more Russian conscription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How many Russian casualties had the Russians taken by late 1916?

A

Nearly 2 million dead, 8 million wounded and 2 million prisoners of war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Who called the Somme the greatest military tragedy?

A

British Historian John Keegen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

How many Austrian casualties were taken over the Brusilov Offensives?

A

Up to 750,000 casualties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

With the exception of Valdivostok what was the only year round Russian open sea port?

A

The Black Sea Ports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What were the two northern Russian ports?

A

Murmansk and Archangel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What percentage of industrial production in Russia went to defense in 1913?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What percentage of Russia’s industrial production went towards defenses?

A

33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

How many modern battleships and battlecruisers did the British have at the start of the war?

A

29 modern heavy ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

How many modern battleships and battlecruisers did the Germans have at the start of the war?

A

18 modern heavy ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What advantage did the Royal Navy have other than numerical superiority?

A

The German Naval Codes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Why was there no decisive sea battle?

A

Because the Royal Navy didn’t want to risk its superior numbers and the Germans wanted to whittle down the odds before attacking the British Royal Navy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What was the dispositions of the navies during the First World War?

A

The British blockaded the North Sea, the Germans controlled the Baltic and the Russian navy hide in a Baltic port

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Where was the most powerful German naval squadron outside the Baltic?

A

The East Asiatic Squadron under Rear Admiral Maximilan von Spee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What happened to the German East Asiatic Fleet?

A

The Emden sunk 15 ships before being captured by the Australian cruiser Syndey. Spee won the Battle of Coronel. Spee attacked the Falkland Islands and was ambushed by the British and he lost six of his eight ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What was the onl German raid on Britain before the Battle of Jutland?

A

Admiral Franz Hipper tried to raid the British coast in December 1914 but he only narrowly escaped a British trap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What was the balance of submarines at the start of the war?

A

Britain had 55, the Germans had 28 and the French had 77

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

During what moth did German U-boats sink 4 British cruisers?

A

The month of September 1914

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Which U-boat sunk three of the four British cruisers in September 1914?

A

U-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What were the advantages of U-boats?

A

They could be quickly built and wer mostly invisable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What were the disadvantages of U-boats?

A

The submarines could’t tell if a ship was a merchant ship or a warship so they shot all ships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

When did Germany announce an expansion of submarine warfare to all ships sailing around the British Isles?

A

February 4, 1915

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

When did the U-20 sink the Lusitania?

A

On May 7, 1915; 1198 of 2000 people died of which 128 were Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What was the result of the sinking of the Lusitania?

A

Three days of anti German riots in London, British Columbia, Johannesburg and Moscow. German Chancellor Tehobald von Bethman-Hollweg ordered the German Navy to halt unrestricted submarine warfare in August 1915

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

When was the submarine blockade of Britain resumed by Germany?

A

February 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

When was the Battle of Jutland?

A

May 31, 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What two sacred principles of international law did the unrestricted submarine warfare violate in the eyes of the United States?

A

The prohibition against restricting neutral trade and the threat it posed to innocent civlians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

When was the submarine blockade of Britain resumed by Germany?

A

In February 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

According to British official history, how many deaths can be attributed to the blockade?

A

773,000 deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

By 1918 how much higher was the civilian death rate than in 1913?

A

37%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

What were Q ships?

A

Merchant ships that were heavily armed to sink U-boats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

How were the British as guilty of violating international law as the Germans?

A

By blockading German, putting supplies on passenger ships and having their own merchent ships fly neutral flags

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What was the German plan for victory over the Royal Navy?

A

To draw the British into a nest of waiting U-boats and minefields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Why did the Germans plan for the decisive sea battle not succeed?

A

Because the British had broken the German naval code

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What was the Battle of Jutland?

A

A massive naval engagement of 250 ships with over 100,000 men. The British lost 14 ships including 3 battlecruisers and 6800 men. The Germans lost 11 ships including one battleship and one battlecruise and 3100 men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

When did Admiral Scheer declare that fleet action was no longer an option?

A

On July 4, 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

When did the Kiaser and the generals overwhelm the Chancellor and force the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare?

A

February to March 1916 and from February 1,1917 to the end of the war

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What changed Wilson’s mind about staying neutral?

A

The sinking of 3 American ships on March 15, 1916

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

What was the Zimmerman Telegram?

A

A diplomatic note from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmerman that promised Texas, New Mexico and Arizona to Mexico in exchange for an alliance with Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What was the Russian factor in encouraging America to join the war?

A

Without Russia it was democracies versus the Monarchies and Despotic regimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

How much did Britain owe the United States by April 1,1917?

A

358 million dollars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

On April 6, 1917 what countries did the United States declare war on?

A

Germany and an associated power, Austria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

How many men were in the United States Army in April 1917?

A

108,000 men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

What was the size of the US navy in April 1917?

A

The 3rd largest in the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

What did the Tsar do with his popular moderate ministers after the fall of 1915?

A

Replaced them with reactionaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What mistake did the Tsar make with the army?

A

He traveled to the front to take direct command of the army

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Who took over when the Tsar left the capitol?

A

Empress Alexandra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Why was Empress Alexandra disliked by Russia?

A

Because of her German background and her bearded mystic Rasputin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Who was appointed Minister of the Interior?

A

Aleksei Khvostov

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Who was the leader of the fascistic right faction of the Duma?

A

Aleksie Khovostv

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

What was the response of the liberals and moderates during the war?

A

To form a grand Progressive block

116
Q

Who led the Progressive Block?

A

The most prominent leaders of the Duma

117
Q

Who killed Rasputin and why?

A

The tsar’s cousin the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlocvich and the son of the wealthiest aristocrat in Russia because of their revulsion to Rasputin and the mismanagement of the economy in December 1916

118
Q

What did many Russians believe after the death of Rasputin?

A

That the monarch had become a barrier to the effective mobilization of Russia for war?

119
Q

When did street protests over the shortage of bread and fuel breakT out in Russia?

A

March 1917

120
Q

What was Russia’s biggest economic problem?

A

The Tsar’s prohibition of alcohol which caused the loss of a quarter of Russia’s revenue

121
Q

Why did Russia not have a significant market for treasury bills?

A

Because it had a small middle class population

122
Q

How did Russia attempt to pay its bills?

A

By printing more money

123
Q

The printing of more money by Russia lead to what?

A

Inflation

124
Q

How many British warships were lost in 1914 to U-boats?

A

6 warships

125
Q

How many warships did Britain loose in 1915 to U-boats?

A

7 warships

126
Q

How many warships did Britain loose to U-boats in 1916?

A

6 warships

127
Q

How many warships did Britain loose to German U-boats in 1917?

A

12 warships

128
Q

How many warships did Britain loose to German U-boats in 1918?

A

8 warships

129
Q

How many warships did Britain loose to Germany in total?

A

38 warships

130
Q

When did heavy snows disrupt both food and fuel deliverers to the Russian city of Petrograd?

A

In February 1917

131
Q

When did the city of Petrograd announce that bread rationing would be implemented?

A

On March 2, 1917

132
Q

When was bread rationing supposed to be introduced in the city of Petrograd?

A

March 14, 1917

133
Q

How did the Petrograd riots start in March 1917?

A

People went out on the streets to get in the bread lines. Factories began to close due to fuel deliveries. The tsar sent the Petrograd garrison of 160,000 troops to fire into the crowds but they mutinied

134
Q

Who became the new leaders of Russia after the Tsar’s abdication?

A

The leaders of the Progressive Bloc from the Duma formed a Provisional Government and a Constituent Assembly to write a new constitution

135
Q

What did the new Russian government declare to its citizens?

A

Full equality, freedom of the press and many other basic rights and freedoms

136
Q

Why did the Russians believe that their army could fight better?

A

Because they were fighting for freedom

137
Q

Who was the leader of the Provisional Government?

A

Alexander Kerensky

138
Q

Who was directed to lead the Democratic Russia’s attack and where?

A

General Brusilov on June 29, 1917

139
Q

How was Russia prepared for a great victory at the second Brusilov Offensive?

A

They outnumbered the Germans 3 to 1. Heavy artillery 5 to 1

140
Q

How did the Russian attack at the Second Brusilov offensive go?

A

Thirty mile advance but on July 6 the Germans counterattacked and took hundreds of thousands of Russians prisoners and officers who tried to stop the retreat were shot

141
Q

How many Russian soldiers deserted in August 1917?

A

250,000 soldiers

142
Q

Who did Kerensky appoint to restore discipline in the Russian army?

A

General Lavr Kornilov

143
Q

What happened to General Lavr Konrilov?

A

Due to multiple miscommunications and other problems Kerensky became convinced the Kornilov was trying to overthrow him and had armed workers to arrest him

144
Q

What happened when the Germans forces approached Petrograd?

A

Kerensky made preparations to move the capital to Moscow. However the leaders of the communist party formed a military-revolutionary Committee to defend Petrograd

145
Q

What happened to the communist military-revolutionary committee?

A

The Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky gained control over this committee

146
Q

When did the Bolsheviks conduct a coup d’etat?

A

On November 7 1917

147
Q

What two decrees issued by the Bolsheviks ensured that the Russians wouldn’t be able to fight the Germans?

A

The Decree on Land giving all land to peasants, and the Decree on Peace which declared that Russia had no attention of fighting further

148
Q

What happened to the Russian army after the two communist decrees?

A

It disintegrated as millions of peasant deserted and rushed home to get the free land

149
Q

Where did Germany and Russia meet to discuss peace talks?

A

At Brest-Litovsk

150
Q

What territories did Germany capture after they went on the offensives in February 1918?

A

All of the Ukraine, and most of Belarus

151
Q

When did Russia sign a peace treaty with Germany?

A

On March 3, 1918

152
Q

What territory did Russia have to give Germany at the end of the war?

A

The Ukraine

153
Q

When did the Allies agree to launch coordinated in attacks in 1917?

A

In December 1916 at Chnatilly

154
Q

Who replaced General Joffre?

A

General Robert G. Nivelle

155
Q

What was the strength of the British army in France by December 1916?

A

1.2 million men

156
Q

What was the balance of forces on the Western Front in December 1916?

A

4 million men against 2.5 million men

157
Q

What were several technological improvements by December 1916?

A

Special sensitive fuses that allowed them to explode on contact with barbed wire, better aerial photography and 132 French tanks

158
Q

What happened during the Battle of Arras?

A

The British and Canadian forces launched an attack on April 9, 1917 under a creeping artillery barrage. The Canadian corps captured Vimy Ridge and the Germans rushed reserves forcing a battle that caused 150,000 casualties

159
Q

What happened during the Battle of Chemin des Dames?

A

Neville launched an attack but the infantry ran into wire obstacles, machine guns and fresh German troops, half the tanks were destroyed the other half broke down Several kilometers were gained and 20,000 prisoners taken but within 5 days the French suffered 130,000 casualties

160
Q

When was General Nivelle sacked?

A

April 29, 1917

161
Q

Why was General Nivelle sacked?

A

Because of the losses at Chemin des Dames

162
Q

Who replaced General Nivelle?

A

Phillipe Petain

163
Q

What was General Nivelle’s ideas on an offensive?

A

That he could force a rupture against the Germans

164
Q

When did French units refuse orders to attack?

A

April to June 1917

165
Q

How many French forces were affected by the mutinies?

A

68 French divisions or 40,000 troops

166
Q

What did the French troops do during the mutinies?

A

Refuse to engage in another offensive but they were read and willing to defend France

167
Q

What French General presided over restoring French army discipline?

A

General Petain

168
Q

How many French soldiers were court-martialed and shot as a result of the mutinies?

A

3500 were court-martialed but only 49 were actually shot

169
Q

What did Petain do in response to the French mutinies?

A

He suspended French offensive operations from June 1917 to July 1918, pursued a defensive strategy, focused on production, doubled leave time and awaited new troops from the United States

170
Q

What was the Third Battle of Ypres?

A

A British offensive in July 1917 after a bombardment of 4 million shells. Three months of fighting caused 70,000 killed and 170,000 wounded, the Germans lost similar but had reinforcements from Russia while Britain was out for the rest of 1917

171
Q

How many attacks had the Italians launched by September 1917 on the Isonzo River?

A

Eleven offensives

172
Q

What was the average time delay between Isonzo River offensives?

A

One every three months

173
Q

How many casualties were suffered by the Italians during their offensives?

A

Almost half a million killed

174
Q

What was the worst battle along the Isonzo River?

A

The Eleventh Battle of Isonzo from August-September 1917 at 100,000 Italian casualties

175
Q

What happened in October 1917 along the Italian Front?

A

Six high quality German divisions supported the Austrians and broke through with the use of poison gas and new tactics advancing 80 kilometers and capturing 275,000 Italian soldiers

176
Q

After the Austrian/German offensive in October 1917 when was the next Italian offensive?

A

A year latter in October 1918

177
Q

What regions of Russia were ceded to the Germans in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Moldova and the Caucasus’s

178
Q

How many German divisions were transferred to the Western Front after The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

60 German divisions

179
Q

What was the balance of power on the Western Front in 1918 after the transfer of German divisions from the Eastern Front?

A

192 German divisions against 178 Allied divisions

180
Q

How many American soldiers had arrived in France by March 1918?

A

300,000 soldiers

181
Q

How many troops were in France by August 1918?

A

1 million troops

182
Q

What was the balance of tanks, airplanes and artillery on the Western Front on March 1918?

A

4500 Allied airplanes against 3670 Germans, 18,500 guns against 14,000 and 800 tanks versus just 10

183
Q

What was Operation Michael?

A

A German offensive on March 21, 1918 the first in nearly two years

184
Q

How did Operation Michael go?

A

Storm troopers and tear and poison phosgene gas shells, heavy short artillery barges were used. The Germans broke through up to 40 miles causing British casualties on 40,000 on the first day

185
Q

How many casualties did the British suffer on the first day of Operation Michael?

A

40,000 casualties

186
Q

What was the bloodiest month of the war for Germany?

A

March 1918

187
Q

How many more offensives did General Erich Ludendorff launch after the Michael offensive?

A

Four more offensives

188
Q

How many miles from Paris did the Germans reach in 1918?

A

56 miles

189
Q

When did the German Empire reach its greatest expanse?

A

Mid-July 1918

190
Q

What were the total German casualties for the 1918 offensives?

A

800,000 men

191
Q

What was happening to Paris in mid-July 1918?

A

It was bombarded by German Big Bertha long range artillery peices

192
Q

What was the Hindenburg replaced by in 1918?

A

A much longer line which provided many opportunities for counterattacks

193
Q

What happened to the German supply system in 1918?

A

It faltered under the blockade, domestic unrest and the successes of the offensives

194
Q

What happened to hungry German troops in 1918?

A

It weakened their bodies causing them to become susceptible to flu

195
Q

How many men did most German divisions have in the hospital due to the flue in late 1918?

A

2,000 men

196
Q

How many United States troops were arriving per month by the summer of 1918?

A

250,000 troops per month

197
Q

How many US divisions were in France by summer 1918 and how many more were on the way?

A

25 divisions in France and 55 more on the way

198
Q

When did the final German attack occur?

A

July 15 at the Second Battle of the Marne

199
Q

How did the Second Battle of the Marne go?

A

Badly for the Germans. The Allies had a complete set of German plans on July 13, defense in depth with a counterattack with artillery, tanks and airplanes plus American divisions

200
Q

What happened to the strength of the German army by July 1918?

A

It decreased from 5.1 million to 4.2 million

201
Q

How many tanks were used in the August 8 Allied offensive?

A

530 British and 70 French tanks

202
Q

How many tanks were produced by both sides during 1918?

A

8,000 by the Allies and 20 by the Germans

203
Q

How many airplanes were being produced per month in 1918 by both sides?

A

11,000 Allied airplanes and 2,000 for the Germans

204
Q

When did the American army launch its first major offensive?

A

September 12, 1918 at St. Mihel with 2900 guns and half a million men

205
Q

What happened on September 26, 1918?

A

French, Americans, Britsh and Belgians launched a massive offensive with tanks, airplanes and 123 divisions with 57 in reserve

206
Q

Where did the first Allied breakthrough occur?

A

In the Balkans

207
Q

What happened one day after the combined Allied Offensive?

A

General Ludendorff asked the Kaiser to sue for peace

208
Q

What happened with the Allied attack in the Balkans?

A

The Allies sent troops to the Greek port city of Salonika in 1915 and in 1918 built 29 divisions with 700,000 men

209
Q

What happened on September 14m 1918?

A

The Allies launched an offensive in the Balkans

210
Q

What happened with the September 14 Allied attack in the Balkans?

A

Bulgarian troops mutinied after two days, riots broke out in Sofia, the worker and peasant councils declared a revolution put down by soldiers and police after three days, but the Allies were already on Bulgarian soil and on September 29 Bulgaria dropped out

211
Q

What was the importance of the Bulgarrian surrender?

A

It severed the links between Turkey and threatened Austro-Hungary

212
Q

Who lead Arab uprisings that distracted the Turks from the main battlefronts?

A

Emir Abdullah ibn Jussein

213
Q

When did the Turkish government sign a peace treaty?

A

October 30 in Mudros

214
Q

What was thee decline in Austrian civilian labor force from 1913 to 1918?

A

20%

215
Q

What was the decline in Austrian GDP per capita from 1913 to 1918?

A

It ell to 66% of the 1913 level

216
Q

What was the problem at the end of the war between Austria and Hungary?

A

Hungary refused to send grain to Austrian civilians

217
Q

What was the decrease in Hungarian grain exports from the pre-war level to 1917?

A

From 1.4 million tons to onl 28,000 tons

218
Q

What was the Austrian response to grain shortages in 1917?

A

Requisitions and other policies that hurt incentives for farmers to produce more

219
Q

What were Austrian civilian rations in early 1918?

A

Half their daily norm

220
Q

What happened in Austria due to the food shortages?

A

Strikes, food riots and mutinies

221
Q

How many workers were involved in the January 1918 strikes in Austria?

A

Approximately 600,000

222
Q

What was the average weight of an Austrian soldier by the end of the war?

A

120 pounds

223
Q

Where did Austrian sailors mutiny in February 1918?

A

Four thousands hungry soldiers at the naval base of Cattaro on the Adriatic Seae

224
Q

Why was little food delivered to Germany form the Ukraine?

A

Due to chaos, social revolutions and disruption in transport

225
Q

When was Conrad’s last offensive?

A

At the Battle of Piave in Italy in June

226
Q

What happened at the Battle of Piave?

A

The Austrians lost 140,000 men gained no ground and lost all their supplies causing 200,000 soldiers to desert during the summer

227
Q

What destroyed half the potato crop in Germany in 1916?

A

A fungus

228
Q

What was the death rate for the Spanish flue in the German army?

A

1 in 6

229
Q

When did Ludendorff announce that the war was lost?

A

On September 29

230
Q

Who took over as the Chancellor of Germany in October 1918?

A

Liberal Prince Max von Baden

231
Q

What were the revisions to the German constitution on October 28, 1918?

A

The Chancellor and the Minister of War were made responsible to the Reichstag, the Reichstag’s consent was needed for treaties, war, peace and officer appointments and dismissals

232
Q

hen did Wilhelm II leave for the Netherlands?

A

November 10, 1918

233
Q

How many years did the Hohenzollerns rule Germany?

A

504 years

234
Q

When did Admiral Hipper prepare to launch a suicidal sortie of the German Navy?

A

October 22, 1918

235
Q

How many super dreadnoughts were in the North Fleet?

A

5 super dreadnaughts

236
Q

What happened with the German naval rebellion?

A

The sailors went to Kiel where they started a revolution and seized Hamburg and Bremen

237
Q

When was a socialist republic declared in Bavaria?

A

November 7

238
Q

Who declared a republic on the balcony of the Reichstag on November 9?

A

Philip Sheidmann one of the leaders of the German Social Democratic Party

239
Q

Who was the leader of the Communist Spartacus League?

A

Karl Leibknecht

240
Q

Who was named Chancellor of Germany

A

Social Democratic Party leader Friedrich Ebert

241
Q

What did Ebert agree to do in exchange for taking control of Germany?

A

Not to fire the old elites in the officer corps, civil service and judiciary, restore domestic order and fight the revolutionary movement

242
Q

How many weeks did World War One last?

A

226 weeks

243
Q

What have French generals been scorned or doing?

A

Clinging to outmoded glorification of the heroic offensive

244
Q

What was the order of shell production in 1914 from highest to lowest?

A

United Kingdom, France, German, Russia and Austro-Hungary

245
Q

What was the order of shell production in 1915 from highest to lowest?

A

Russia, Germany, Britain and Austro-Hungary

246
Q

What was the order of shell production in 1916 from highest to lowest?

A

United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary

247
Q

What was the order of shell production from highest to lowest in 1917?

A

France, Britain, Germany, USA, Russia and Austro-Hungary

248
Q

What was the total shell production from highest to lowest?

A

France, Britain, Germany, Russia, USA, Austro-Hungary

249
Q

What categories were exempt from draft at the start of the war?

A

Primary bread winners, men in strategic professions, skilled laborers, ethnic and religious groups and native populations

250
Q

What is one of the counterintuitive facts about World War One?

A

That as the war went on the number of men grew in size

251
Q

What exemptions did Russia have on conscriptions that were eliminated at the start of the German offensive in September 1915?

A

Primary breadwinners and several ethnic minorities

252
Q

Did Joffre think Verdun was morally important to hold?

A

No

253
Q

The massive bombardments at Verdun caused large amounts of?

A

Shell shcok and other debilitating psychological problems for soldiers of both sides

254
Q

What countries had the greatest to least number of troops after mobilization in 1914?

A

Russia, Germany, France, Austro-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, United Kingdom, Serbia, Ottoman Empire India, United States, Britain

255
Q

For troops mobilized by country from greatest to least?

A

Bulgaria, France, Serbia, Germany and Hungary, Russia, Italy, Britain, Ottoman Empire, US, India

256
Q

From greatest to least what was the order of troops mobilized in November 1918?

A

Germany, Austro-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, US, Ottoman Empire, British Commonwealth, India, Bulgaria, Serbia

257
Q

In January of 1916 how many divisions did France plan to commit to the Somme offensive?

A

42 divisions

258
Q

In February of 1916 how many divisions did France promise to contribute to the Somme Offensive?

A

39 divisions in February

259
Q

How divisions did the French plan to contribute to the Somme offensive in April of 1916?

A

30 divisions

260
Q

How many divisions did France plan to commit to the Somme Offensive in May of 1916?

A

22 divisions

261
Q

What nations were unprepared to launch major offensives in the summer in 1916?

A

Britain, Russia and Italy

262
Q

What country led the first major offensive of 1916?

A

Russia with a major northern attack against the German armies

263
Q

here is Lake Narcoz?

A

Present day Belarus

264
Q

On what front did General Brusilov ask to launch his offensive?

A

The Galacian Front

265
Q

Why did Russia want to launch another offensive after the disasterous Lake Nrcoz ofensive?

A

Because of an Austrian offensive against Italy in mid-May

266
Q

How close did Brusilov dig his sapper trenches to enemy lines?

A

Within fifty yards in some places

267
Q

How many armies was the Brusilov offensive launched against?

A

4 armies

268
Q

Did the Russian artillery at the Brusilov Offensive work?

A

Yes, the artillery took out most of the barbed wire and destroyed the first trench

269
Q

What two regions did the Brusilov Offensive capture?

A

Galacia and Bukovina

270
Q

Where was the northern Brusilov take place?

A

iN branovichi, present day Belarus

271
Q

When did the northern Bruisilov offensive take place?

A

July 2 to July 8 1916

272
Q

At the Somme that British alone had more guns than the Germans at what battle?

A

The Battle of Verdun

273
Q

What was the problem with the Somme front prior to 1916?

A

That it had been unmolested and the Germans had laid a massive amount of barbed wire

274
Q

How quickly did the British capture the German naval codes?

A

Within three months

275
Q

When was the Emden captured and by what?

A

November 9, 1914 by the Australian cruiser Sydney

276
Q

When did Spee’ naval group sink two major British cruisers at the Battle of Coronel?

A

November 1, 1914

277
Q

When did the Germans under Admiral Hipper raid the coast of Britain at Dogger Bank?

A

In December 1914

278
Q

What did the British try to do to escape their ships getting sunk by U-boats?

A

Sail under neutral flags and disguise armed ships as merchent ships Q-ships

279
Q

The Germans claimed that the sinking of the Luisitania was in retaliation for?

A

The Allied hunger blockade of Germany

280
Q

What political giant favored war with Germany after the Luisitania?

A

Former president Theodore Roosevelt

281
Q

In response to the sinking of the Luisitania unrestricted submarine warffare was suspended when?

A

August 1915

282
Q

After restarting the blockade in August 1915 what caused the Chancellor to cancel it?

A

The killing of several American passengers onboard a French steamboat

283
Q

Who convinced the Kaiser to allow the German surface fleet to fight the British

A

Admiral Reinhard Scheer, commander German fleet

284
Q

How many hours did the Battle of Jutland last?

A

For 72 hours

285
Q

By April 1,1917 the British were spending how much per week?

A

75 million a week

286
Q

When was selective military conscription in the US enacted?

A

My 18, 1917

287
Q

What year was the most devastating for Britian in seamen killed by U-boats?

A

1917 with 6,408

288
Q

In what year did Britain loose the most merchant ships?

A

1917 in terms of tonnage, but 1916 in terms of ships lost

Social Science (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions