Section Two to Total War pg 40 Flashcards
What was the population of the combined Entente?
656 million
What was the combined population of the Central Powers?
144 million
What was the combined military strength of the Central Powers?
25 million
What was the military strength of the Entente?
32 million
The Entente’s combined GDP outweighed that of the Central Powers by what percentage?
60%
How many British troops were sent to France in August 1914?
100,000 men
How many men was Germany able to mobilize within 13 days?
2 million
In what British sector of government did participation in the war have many enemies?
In the British Parliament
What was the advantages possessed by the German army at the start of the war?
Better training, better officer to enlisted ratio and was well equipped
Because of the defenses along the French and German border the Schlieffen Plan called for an attack through what country?
Belgium
Who was appointed Chief of the General Staff in 1911 for France?
General Joseph-Jaccques-Cesaire Joffre
What plan did Joffre introduce at the basic French war plan?
Plan 17
What percentage of Germany’s troops were stationed along the German and French border?
15%
What was the plan for the German invasion?
To race through Belgium, behind Paris encircling both the city and the French Army
How many men was Belgium able to field against the massive German invasion?
117,000 poorly equipped troops
Who had the most infantry divisions in the Entente in 1914?
Russia with 114.5 divisions
Who had the least infantry divisions in the Entente in 1914?
Britain and Belgium with 6 each
Who had the most calvary divisions of the Entente in 1914?
Russia with 36 divisions
What country had the least calvary divisions in the Entente in 1914?
Britain, Serbia, and Belgium with 1 each
What country had the most infantry divisions in the Central Powers in 1914?
Germany with 87.5 divisions
What country had the least infantry divisions in the Central Powers in 1914?
Austro-Hungary with 49.5
What country in the Central Powers had the most calvary divisions?
Germany and Austro-Hungary with eleven each
What Entente country had the most colonial troops in 1914?
Britain with 190,000
What country in the Entente had the least colonial troops in 1914?
France with 157,000
What Central Power country had the only colonial troops?
Germany with 7,000
What was the total number of infantry divisions fielded by the Entente in 1914?
218 infantry divisions
What was the total number of infantry divisions in 1914 in Central Powers?
137 infantry divisions
What was the total number of Cavalry divisions fielded by The Entente in 1914?
49 cavalry divisions
What was the number of cavalry divisions fielded by the Central Powers in 1914?
22 cavalry divisions
What were the Belgian’s most impressive defensive works?
The fort at Liege and Namur, each comprising a 25 mile circle of forts and protected y heavy artillery emplacements
When did the city of Liege fall?
August 7, 1914
What guns destroyed the forts of Liege?
Krupp 420mm and 305mm Skoda’s
The last fort a tLiege fell on what day?
August 16, 1914
How many days did it take Germany to defeat Belgium?
20 days
When did Namur surrender?
August 24, 1914
What had the Schlieffen plan originally called for when it came to the Belgian fortresses?
The use of one division
How many divisions did it actually take capture the Belgian fortresses?
Eight divisions
The Battle of the Frontiers lasted from?
August 14 to September 6
What was the composition of the French and German armies at the start of the war?
The French had 78 infantry and 10 cavalry divisions while the Germans had 76 infantry and 10 cavalry there were also 4 British divisions
How many men did France mobilize within the first few weeks?
1.5 million men
What did Joffre believe about an offensive strategy?
That it would open a path towards Berlin and force Germany to sue for peace
How much larger was the German force than the Belgian army?
5 times larger
What is a time delay fuse?
A fuse that can be attached to a shell that allows it to penetrate its target before exploding
What was France’s response to the war?
On August 14, they launched four simultaneous attacks towards Alsace and Lorraine but were soundly defeated by the Germans
By what date did General Joffre recognize that Plan 17 wasn’t working?
August 23
How many German generals resigned due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan?
Moltke, Kluck and 32 others for a total of 34
Who commanded the BEF?
Sir John French
Who commanded the main French force that encountered the Germans?
General Lanrezak
What was Moltke’s two mistakes?
He diverted troops from the right flank to Lorraine to attempt a grand pincer movement to surround Paris, the other was to deploy two army corps, 7 divisions or 90,000 men to the Eastern Front
Where did the BEF retreat to after the Battle of the Frontiers?
The other side of the Marne River
When did Joffre go back on the offensive?
September 5
What did Joffre use to transfer his soldiers to the front at Paris?
Railroads and six hundred Parisian taxicabs
How many guns were used in the Battle of the Marne?
3,000 heavy guns, which yes a shit load
Wh suffered the most casualties during the Battle of the Frontiers
Germany with 220,000
Who suffered the least casualties at the Battle of the Frontiers?
Belgium with 12,000
Who was von Moltke’s successor?
Erich von Falkenhayn
What was con Falkenhayn’s strategy?
To try to outflank the Entente to the west along the coast of the English Channel
What was the First Battle of Ypres?
A German attack that tried to break the trenches of the BEF along the coast but it failed when the Belgians opened up the gates of the Yesr River to stop the advance
How many casualties did the French suffer in the first five months of the war?
1000,000 million
What did the Battle of the Marne become known as?
The Miracle on the Marne
What saw the emergence of trench warfare?
The Race to the Sea
How many divisions did Germany leave on the Eastern front to defend against Russian advances??
13 divisions or 1/8 of the entire army
What percentage of the Russian army was deployed along the German border?
40%
What was declared in Russia to ensure quick mobilization?
Prohibition on alcohol
When did Russia launch its first offensives?
August 14, 1914
With in how many weeks did the mobilized Russian army outnumber the Central Powers?
Two weeks after the outbreak of the war
What was the dispersion of divisions of the Russian army at the start of the offensives?
46 divisions against Austria and 30 against Germany
Wh did Russia have most of their army ready to invade Austria?
Because public opinion wanted Austria out of the war, they could then liberate Ukraine and pursue interests in the Balkans and against the Ottoman Empire
What did Russians refer to the Ukrainians as?
Malorusskie or Little Russians
How was the Russian Army in East Prussia divided?
The 1st army under Pavel von Rennenkampf, and the 2nd under Aleksander Samsanov
Who stated the history will condemn me… but I have given the order to march?
Iakov Zhilinksii
How much did the Russians in East Prussia outnumber the Germans by?
Three to two
What was the first Russian victory against the Germans?
The Battle of Gumbinnen on August 20 when the Germans launched frontal attacks and lost 8,000 out of 30,000 men
After what defeat were German Generals Ludendorff and Hindenberg placed in command?
The Battle of Gumbinnen
What were two major advantages in the Battle of Tannenberg?
The lack of communication between the Russian armies and the Germans excellent rail network that allowed for the quick transfer of troops
Who didn’t distribute code books in East Prussia?
The Russians
What were the two Russian armies separated by in East Prussia?
A region of thick lakes and forests
What fortress was in East Prussia that was attacked by the 1st army?
The fortress at Konigsberg
What was the Battle of Tannenberg?
When the German 8th army under Ludendorff surrounded and wiped out the Russian 2nd army under Samsanov
What were the Russian casualties at Tannenberg?
50,000 Russian killed and 100,000 taken prisoner
What happened to the Russian army after Tannenberg?
They retreated into Russia and continued to mobilize their army which prevented any quick German gains
What were the forces in the Austrian theater at the start of the war?
50 Russian and 11 Serbian divisions against 48 Austro-Hungarian divisions
What was the original plan for the defense of Austria?
For Austria to leave minimal forces against the Serbians while concentrating against Russia
What did Austria do instead of following their plan?
Austrian commander Conrad sent twenty divisions against Serbia for a quick victory
What was the German’s response to Conrad’s actions?
Force him to go back to the original plan
What happened to the Austrian offensive at the start of the war?
It failed when Conrad underestimated the Serbian army
Why was the Serbian army better than the Austrian army?
It was battle tested, conscripted a higher proportion of the male population than any other country, used mountainous terrain in defense and attacks, also recieved modern weapons from France
What were the November offensives in Serbia?
The Austrians captured the capital Belgrade on November 30, but lost it in a Serbian counterattack two weeks later
What was the course of the initial campaign against Russia by Austria?
Conrad attacked to secure Galacian mountain passes, the Russians launched a counterattack and captured Lwow on September 3, the capital of Galacia
What was the Entente’s first victory?
The Battle of Lwol
What were the casualties for both sides during the Galacia campaign?
400,000 for the Austrians while 250,000 for the Russians
When did the Austrian fortress at Przmysl surrender
March 20, 1915
What cause the Germans to shift their focus to the Eastern Front?
The loss of the Austrian fortress at Pryzmel
What was one reason for the failure of a quick war?
The machine guns defensive capabilities
What German writer that the machine gun would unleash a storm of steel upon charging infantry?
German soldier/author Ernst Junger
Why were horses vulnerable?
They could be shot almost a mile away
How many rounds per minute could a machine gun fire by 1914?
600 rpm at almost a kilometer
What German Chief of Staff told the German Chancellor Theobald von Bethman-Hollweg that the war was unwinnable and proposed negotiating a piece treaty with Russia?
Erich von Falkenhayn
How did Falknehayn react to the rejection of the peace treay?
By taking a defensive posture on the Western
When did Falkenhayn order the construction of a formidable defensive network on the Western Front?
January 1915
How many troops surrendered at Przemysl?/
117,000
How long did the siege of Pzemmysl last?
200 days
What ethnic groups fired over the heads of the Slavic Russian and Ukrainian army?
Czechs, Slovaks and Slovenians
How many Austrian divisions were not involved in the fighting at the start of the war?
10 divisions
What was the problem with Austrian railways at the start of the war?
They were single track
What is the key to offensives?
Mobility
How much food did a horse eat a day?
22 pounds
Along what river did the German construct a formidable defensive line?
The Aisne River
What did the Germans incorporate into their defensive line along the Aisne River?
Concrete machine gun turrets, pill boxes, deep bunkers, several lines of trenches
The First and Second Balkan wars saw the lost of how much Ottoman territory?
4/5ths
The flood of what refugees heightened Ottoman anger against the Entente?
Muslim refugees
Who was the Ottoman Minister of War?
Enver Pasha
What German officer lead a military mission to Turkey in 1913?
Colonel Liman van Sanders
In September 1914 what did the Young Turks declare?
The unilateral renunciation of all unequal treaties
What two German ships were stuck in the Mediterranean when the war started?
The Breslau and the Goeben
What happened to the Breslau and the Goeben?
They fled to Turkey where they were bought by the Turks in exchange for two Turkish ships stolen by the British
What was the one point that negotiations between Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire were stuck on?
A grantee that Russia would not get any Ottoman territory at the end of the war
What brought the Ottoman Empire into the war?
Admiral Souchon led the Goeben, the Breslau and Ottoman ships in a bombardment of a Black Sea port, sinking a Russian ship on October 29, 1914
What did Germany hope to get out of an Ottoman Empire entry into the war?
An uprising by 140 million muslims in the British, French and Russian empires
How many men had Russia deployed in the Caucasus to prepare for Ottoman entry into the war?
170,000 MEN
What were the total casualties at the Battle of Sarikamish?
80,000 men
What was the Ottoman Empire’s first victory?
The Battle of Gallipoli
Why did the Allies look to the Dardanelles?
They thought an attack would open a route for supplies to reach Russia, also Romania, Bulgaria and Greece could enter the war with the Entente
When did the Battle of the Dardanelles begin?
February 1915
What happened on April 25, 1915?
Allied forces landed on the Gallipoli peninsula
Who were ANZAC’S
Volunteer forces from Australia and New Zealand
What happened in September 1915?
Bulgaria joined the Central Powers
By December how many casualties did the Entente sufer in Gallipoli?
230,000 casualties
How many casualties did the Ottoman Empire take in Gallipoli?
300,000 casualties
What happened at the Suez Canal?
The Ottomans attacked two Indian divisions, the British counterattacked and failed, on April 29, 1916 Sir Charles Townshend surrendered the largest British force in history
What happened in February 1916?
The Russian Caucasus Army captured the fortress complex at Erzerum in five days
Who led the Arab national uprising that captured Mecca, a port on the Red Sea and Damascus?
Emir Abdullah-ibn Hussein
By 1917 Entente forces captured much of what area?
Palestine
When did Japan declare war on Germany?
August 1914
What port did the Japanese capture?
Tsingtao on November 7, 1914
Australia and New Zealand captured what islands?
Samoa, the Soloman Islands an New Guinea
What four German colonies were in Africa?
Togoland, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa and East Africa
What happened in German East Africa?
German Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck mobilized 3,00 German soldiers and 11,000 Askari who evaded a British force of 130,000
How many Australian volunteers were raised in 1914?
50,000 men
How many Australian volunteers served in the Great War?
380,000 men
When was the Royal Australian Flying Corps created?
In 1914
How many volunteers did Canada raise during the war?
550,000
What caused political tumoil and riots in Canada in 1917?
Conscription acts
How many Canadians were conscripted during the war?
120,000 men
How many conscripted Canadians were sent overseas?
50,000 men
How many troops were recruited in India?
1.3 million
What Indian declaration in August 1917 promised greater Indian participation in government?
The Montagu Declaration
In what French colonies did rebellions ignite due to conscription?
Algeria, Morocco, New Caledonia and Indochina
What was the most serious uprising in the French colonies?
The Grand Riviere uprising in 1915 to 1916
How many insurgents were involved in the Grand Riviere uprising?
160,000 insurgents
Why did the massive rebellions in Central Russia take place?
Due to the Russian conscription of the Kirgiz and other previosly exempt groups
How many Russian battalions were required to put down the Kirgiz uprising?
14 battalions and numerous Cossacks
How many million Muslims were in the world in 1914?
270 million
Where did Canadian conscription laws face strong opposition?
Quebec
What series of battles from January-April 1915 brought huge losses to the Austrian army?
The battles of the Carpathian Mountains
What were problems on the Austrian home front in 1915?
Rising grain prices and the multiethnic composition of the army
How many Austrian men were called to duty in August 1914?
3,000,000 men
How many casualties had the Austrians suffered by March 1915?
Nearly 2 million
When did Falkenhayn order the German armies on the Western Front to dig in and establish defenses?
November 25, 1914
What was the balance of forces on the Eastern front in May 1915?
109 Central Power Divisions to 100 Russian
What was the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive?
An Eastern front offensive on May 2, 1915 that broke through the Russian lines and took 140,000 prisoners in two days
What were contrasts between the Eastern Front and the Western Front?
The Eastern front saw more territorial changes, was more fluid, had less railways and artillery barrages worked due to shallow trenches
What was the Russian defensive strategy in 1915?
To heavily man the front lines so when the Germans broke through they could rapidly encircling large amounts of Russian soldiers
By September 1915 what countries in the East had fallen to the Central Powers?
Poland, most of Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine
How many casualties did the Russians suffer in flanking maneuvers and encirclements?
1.4 million casualties
What did the German offensives that caused massive casualties in Russia become known as in Russia?
The Great Retreat
What did the Russians loose at the fortress of Kovno?
1,300 guns, 53,000 heavy artillery shells and 800,000 field artillery shells
How many Russian subjects fell under German control during the Great Retreat>
23 million or 13% of Russia’s population
How many Russian officers had been lost by late 1915?
60,000 officers
How many Russian refugees were driven from Western Russia due to the Great Retreat?
6 million refugees
What happened to the Jews during the Great Retreat?
They were forcibly expelled, accused of treason, beaten, looted and killed by Russian Cossacks
When was the first three day riot in Moscow against Germans and foreigners?
May 1915
How did the Russians mobilize to support the war effort after the Moscow riots?
Factory owners, officials, and political figures worked together to coordinate the production of shells and weapons. Reactionary ministers were replaced with competent moderates
What did the Duma form in response to the 1915 Moscow riots?
A Grand Progressive Block
Who became the Russian War Minister in 1915?
Aleksei Polivanov
What agreement among the Allies was signed in March 1915?
An agreement giving Russia Istanbul and the straits at the end of the war
When did Italy declare war on the Central Powers and why?
May 23, 1915 due to the promise of Austrian territory and seizure of power by a right-wing government in Rome
How large was Italy’s army at the start of the war?
1.2 million
How many casualties did the Italians suffer in the four battles along the Isonzo River in 1915?
235,000
What was the problem with Italy’s army?
It was underequipped
How did Austria defend herself from the Italians?
Be taking a defensive posture along the mountainous border
Britain deployed more divisions and joined the French attack at Champagne in what battle?
The Third Battle of Artois
What was used for the first time at the Third Battle of Artios?
Chlorine gas, airplanes to locate targets for artillery and tactical bombing raids
What happened during the Third Battle of Artois?
The Entente broke the first line but were slaughtered by the Germans second and third lines
How long did the Third Battle of Artios last?
September 25, 1915 to October 14, 1915 a period of three weeks
What were the casualties for the Third Battle of Artois?
The French took 200,000 casualties, the British 50,000 and the Germans 60,000
How many casualties did the French suffer per square kilometer at the Third Battle of Artois?
2700 casualties
How did the Central Powers entice Bulgaria to join the Central Powers?
By promising an attack on Serbia and Macedonian territories at the end of the war
Where did the Germans focus from late 1915 to early 1916?
The Western Front
Despite the massive population advantage held by the Entente why was it not as great as it sounds?
Because many lived in far away lands in colonies
Why was the Entente advantage in men not lost in 1917?
Because the United States replaced Russia in the war
Why was the military forces not so much greater for the Entente?
Because Brtiain did not use conscription and thus lacked a pool of trained reserves
What was the advantage and disadvantage of the Central Powers being concentrated in one block?
Concentrated but was surrounded by the Entente
What did the French military planners do when the realized that Germany might invade thorugh Belgium?
Build defenses along the border but they underestimated the size of the German invasion
What did Joffre believe about Plan 17?
That by forcing French troops quickly onto German soil he could open the path to Berlin and force Germany to sue for peace
The German invasion of France was a race against?
Time
What were the Belgian’s most impressive military assets?
The modern fortress complexes at Liege and Namur
What calbire of artillery could the forts at Liege and Namur withstand?
210mm howitzers
When were the forts at Liege and Namur constructed?
1888-1892
When did the German army enter Belgium?
August 4
What were the opening moves by the German commander at Liege?
A series of risky moves that caused heav casualties but led to the fall of Liege
How many forts were located at Liege?
12 forts
What inch calibre were the 420mm Krupp guns?
16,8 inch
How man large naval vessels did Russia have in 1914?
4
How many large warships did France have in 1914?
10
How many large naval vessels did Hungary have in 1914?
3
How many days of bombardments did it take before Namur surrendered?
3 days
Why did Joffre not sent any divisions to help out Belgium?
He wanted to keep them all for his offensie in the west
How many soldiers did the Battle of the Frontiers invovle?
2 million soldiers
How many casualties did the French and Germans suffer in Alsace and Lorraine?
200,000 each
What did Joffre after he realized his Plan had failed?
Transfer the bulk of his forces to the north to meet the invasion
How man ytroops did Moltke send to the Eastern Front to stop a rapid Russian march on Berlin?
2 army crops/ 7 divisions/ 90,000 men
What German army was exhausted before the Battle of the Marne had even began?
The right flank under Kluck
What happened to Serbia after Bulgaria joined the war?
It was defeated and her army evacuated to Salonika and Corfu
By when had trench warfare settled over the Western Front?
By mid-November 1914
When was the First Battle of Ypres?
OCTOBER 8-November 14, 1914
What was the key to the Franco-Russian Alliance?
Russia’s ability to mobilize quickly enough to field an army sufficient to launch a rapid offensive against Germany
What was the goal of the initial Russian offensives?
To force Germany to send troops from France or open a path to Berlin
What were the German casualties at Gumbinnen?
8,000 out of 30,000
After Gumbinnen what was the time period between Tannenburg and the Masurian lakes?
3 weeks
When did Germany transfer forces in the 8th army south to attack the Russian second army?
On August 24
What did the Russians do in September of 1914 to the Germans?
Laucnh an offensive that took back some territroy but suffered heavy casualties
Why did Conrad attack Serbia?
Because war with Serbia was popular in Austria
What happened when Conrad transferred his divisions back to the plan?
The single track railways and rigid mobilization schedule slowed the troops movements
How many divisions did not fight as a result of Conrad disobeying the German plan?
10 divisions
The offensive into Serbia came at a great cost in terms of?
Soldier casualties and atrocities commmitted against civlians by both sides
When did the Austrians capture Belgrade?
On November 30, 1914
What was the balance of forces in August 1914 against Austria?
750,000 Russians against 500,000 Austrians
What kind of captial was Lwow?
A provincial captial
When was Lwow captured by Russia?
On September 3, 1914
What groups in the Austrian army fired over the heads of the Russians, surrendered or deserted?
Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians
In the first month of the war what territories of Austria had Russia captured?
Almost the entire province of Galacia bringing nearly all the Ukranians and large nubers of Poles and Jews
How many Austrian troops were at Przemysl?
117,000 troops
How long was the seige of Przemysl?
200 days
What caused the Austrians at Przemsyl to surrender?
The arrival of artillery capable of breaking down the walls
How long was the Western Front trench line?
750 kilometers
How long did it take the Germans to win decesive battles during the Franco-Prussian War?
6 weeks
When was the machine gun developed?
1880’s to 1890’s
What type of barrels did machine guns use?
Air-cooled
What is the key to offensives?
Mobility
How far away could horses be killed?
A mile for a good infantryman and three miles for artillery
What improvements came to artillery before the war?
Brakes holding artillery in place after firing, and Krupp and Skoda making greater sized, ranged and explosive guns
What could artillery not penetrate?
Earthen defenses
When did Falkenhayn tell the Chancellor that the war was unwinnable?
October 1914
When did Falkenhayn order even more formidable defenses along the Western Front?
January 1915
When did the Young Turks declare the renounciations of all unequal treaties?
In September 1914
Who argued that the decisions for war in the Ottoman Empire involved the public and not just Enver Pasha?
Mustafa Aksakai
When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Black Sea?
October 29, 1914
What valley did the Russians take at the start of the war against the Ottomans?
The Aras Valley just east of Erzerum
When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Caucauses at the start of the war?
December 22, 1914
Why did Enver attack the Caucasus?
Because he thought an ivasion of the Caucasus would spark uprisings among Muslim and Turkic groups in the region
How cold did it get in the Caucasus?
-30 Farenheit
For how many days did Enver fight the Russians in the Caucasus?
For ten days before he retreated
When did the Ottomans finally force Russia out of their territory?
After 1917 and the subsequent Civil War
When was the Battle of Gallipoli?
February-December 1915
What man pushed hard for the British Navy to help the attack in the Dardanelles?
Winston Churchill, First Lord of the British Admiralty
When did the Ottomans attack the Suez Canal?
In 1915 and 1916
Who controlled Egypt?
Occupied by Britain but under the religous authority of the Ottoman Sultan formally
Where did British Middle Eastern offensives fail in 1916?
In the Sinai and at Baghdad
Where did Townshend surrender the largest British force ever?
At Baghdad
When did Townshend oversee the largest capitulation in British history?
April 29, 1916
Where did the Ottomans fight the Entente?
In the Sinai Desert, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and the Middle East
Worries about Muslim mobilization caused Entente leaders to do what?
Keep large numbers of colonial troops at home to guard against uprisings rather than fighting in Europe
By October 1918 what had Emir Abdullah ibn-Hussein entered?
Damascus
The Young Turk leaders had a percieved bias against whom?
Arabs
What was the balance of forces at Tsingtao?
50,000 Japanese troops and 3,000 German marines
What German territories was Japan allowed in a treaty with Britain?
The colonies north of the equator
What modern day country’s did German East Africa encompass?
Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzinia
Why did British and German governers not want to fight in Africa?
Because they assumed tha arming the native African populations was not in their best interests and it would bring problems later on down the road
How much bigger is German East Africa than France?
1.5x
In what dominions did the war inspire support for Britain?
New Zealand, Canada, Austalia, South Africa and Newfoundland
What dominion mobilized the most number of troops?
India with 1.68 million
What colony/dominion raised the least number of troops?
The Belgian Congo at 25,000
What dominion suffered the most dead?
India
What dominion suffered the least dead?
South Africa at 19,000
What dominion suffered the most casualties?
Canada and Australia at 209,000 each
What dominion suffered the leas casualties?
South Africa 7,000
What dominion sent the most troops overseas?
iNDIA AT 1.096 MILLION
What was the order from highest to lowest number of troop smobilized?
Inida, Canada, French colonial, South African, New Zealand and Belgian Congo
What was the order from most to least number of troops sent overseas by the Entente domonions?
India, French colonial, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand
What was the order for total casualties form highest to lowest of the Entente dominions?
Canada and Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa
What was the order from highest to lowest of the total killed of dominion troops from the Entente?
French colonial, Indian, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa
Where did Australian forces serve?
Egypt and Gallipoli
Where did the RAFC ariplanes play a significant role?
In the Middle East and the Western Front
Did the Indians ever introduce conscription?
No
Where did Indian troops serve?
Guarding British oil installations and the Suez Canal, fighting against the Ottoman Empire and in German East Africa
What caused colonies to demand greater control over their own affairs?
National pride in battlefield exploitscombined with disillusionment with Britain for the incredible human and economic costs of the war
How many colonial troops served in the Middle East and Europe?
Nearly 2 million
What wars had Indians not been allowed to fight in?
The Crimean and Boer wars
What did Allied colonies supply in addition to troops?
Raw materials and tax revenues
How man natives and Slavic settlers were killed in Central Asia due to the rebellion?
Tens of thousands of natives and 3,600 Slavic settlers
When was the machine gun developed?
1880’s to 1890’s
What type of barrels did machine guns use?
Air-cooled
What is the key to offensives?
Mobility
How far away could horses be killed?
A mile for a good infantryman and three miles for artillery
What improvements came to artillery before the war?
Brakes holding artillery in place after firing, and Krupp and Skoda making greater sized, ranged and explosive guns
What could artillery not penetrate?
Earthen defenses
When did Falkenhayn tell the Chancellor that the war was unwinnable?
October 1914
When did Falkenhayn order even more formidable defenses along the Western Front?
January 1915
When did the Young Turks declare the renounciations of all unequal treaties?
In September 1914
Who argued that the decisions for war in the Ottoman Empire involved the public and not just Enver Pasha?
Mustafa Aksakai
When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Black Sea?
October 29, 1914
What valley did the Russians take at the start of the war against the Ottomans?
The Aras Valley just east of Erzerum
When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Caucauses at the start of the war?
December 22, 1914
Why did Enver attack the Caucasus?
Because he thought an ivasion of the Caucasus would spark uprisings among Muslim and Turkic groups in the region
How cold did it get in the Caucasus?
-30 Farenheit
For how many days did Enver fight the Russians in the Caucasus?
For ten days before he retreated
When did the Ottomans finally force Russia out of their territory?
After 1917 and the subsequent Civil War
When was the Battle of Gallipoli?
February-December 1915
What man pushed hard for the British Navy to help the attack in the Dardanelles?
Winston Churchill, First Lord of the British Admiralty
When did the Ottomans attack the Suez Canal?
In 1915 and 1916
Who controlled Egypt?
Occupied by Britain but under the religous authority of the Ottoman Sultan formally
Where did British Middle Eastern offensives fail in 1916?
In the Sinai and at Baghdad
Where did Townshend surrender the largest British force ever?
At Baghdad
When did Townshend oversee the largest capitulation in British history?
April 29, 1916
Where did the Ottomans fight the Entente?
In the Sinai Desert, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and the Middle East
Worries about Muslim mobilization caused Entente leaders to do what?
Keep large numbers of colonial troops at home to guard against uprisings rather than fighting in Europe
By October 1918 what had Emir Abdullah ibn-Hussein entered?
Damascus
The Young Turk leaders had a percieved bias against whom?
Arabs
What was the balance of forces at Tsingtao?
50,000 Japanese troops and 3,000 German marines
What German territories was Japan allowed in a treaty with Britain?
The colonies north of the equator
What modern day country’s did German East Africa encompass?
Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzinia
Why did British and German governers not want to fight in Africa?
Because they assumed tha arming the native African populations was not in their best interests and it would bring problems later on down the road
How much bigger is German East Africa than France?
1.5x
In what dominions did the war inspire support for Britain?
New Zealand, Canada, Austalia, South Africa and Newfoundland
What dominion mobilized the most number of troops?
India with 1.68 million
What colony/dominion raised the least number of troops?
The Belgian Congo at 25,000
What dominion suffered the most dead?
India
What dominion suffered the least dead?
South Africa at 19,000
What dominion suffered the most casualties?
Canada and Australia at 209,000 each
What dominion suffered the leas casualties?
South Africa 7,000
What dominion sent the most troops overseas?
iNDIA AT 1.096 MILLION
What was the order from highest to lowest number of troop smobilized?
Inida, Canada, French colonial, South African, New Zealand and Belgian Congo
What was the order from most to least number of troops sent overseas by the Entente domonions?
India, French colonial, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand
What was the order for total casualties form highest to lowest of the Entente dominions?
Canada and Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa
What was the order from highest to lowest of the total killed of dominion troops from the Entente?
French colonial, Indian, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa
Where did Australian forces serve?
Egypt and Gallipoli
Where did the RAFC ariplanes play a significant role?
In the Middle East and the Western Front
Did the Indians ever introduce conscription?
No
Where did Indian troops serve?
Guarding British oil installations and the Suez Canal, fighting against the Ottoman Empire and in German East Africa
What caused colonies to demand greater control over their own affairs?
National pride in battlefield exploitscombined with disillusionment with Britain for the incredible human and economic costs of the war
How many colonial troops served in the Middle East and Europe?
Nearly 2 million
What wars had Indians not been allowed to fight in?
The Crimean and Boer wars
What did Allied colonies supply in addition to troops?
Raw materials and tax revenues
How man natives and Slavic settlers were killed in Central Asia due to the rebellion?
Tens of thousands of natives and 3,600 Slavic settlers
What groups did the new Austrian=Hungarian army commanders have problems communicating with?
Czechs, Poles and krainians as well as Slovenes
Who stated that by the spring of 1915 the Austrian army was on the verge of disintegration which could only be halted by German intervention?
Norman Stone
Why were railways a problem on the Eastern Front?
They were thin and overburdened so they had a hard time moving troops quickly
How many Russian prisoners were taken during the Great Retreat?
1 million soldiers
By the fall of 1915 the Russian army was what proportion of its 1914 level?
It was reduced to a third
What were the only parties not to participate in the Progressive Bloc in the Russian Duma?
The extreme fringe parties
How much did Russian artillery shell production change from May to November in 1915?
By 4x as much shells
Overall military output in Russia doubled between?
1915 and 1916
When did Russia pledge to the Allies not to make a seperate peace?
September 5, 1914
How long was Italy’s border with Hungary?
600 kilometers log
Was chlorine gas succesfull at Artois?
No
When was the Battle of Artois?
September 25, 1915 to October 14, 1915
Where did the Serbian army evacuate after being attacked by Bulgaria?
To Corfu then Salonika in Greece
When did Germany switch focuss back to the Western Front?
Late fall of 1915 and early 1916
Where did the Serbian army evacuate after being attacked by Bulgaria?
To Corfu then Salonika in Greece
When did Germany switch focuss back to the Western Front?
Late fall of 1915 and early 1916
