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Social Science > Section Two to Total War pg 40 > Flashcards

Section Two to Total War pg 40 Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the population of the combined Entente?

A

656 million

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1
Q

What was the combined population of the Central Powers?

A

144 million

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2
Q

What was the combined military strength of the Central Powers?

A

25 million

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3
Q

What was the military strength of the Entente?

A

32 million

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4
Q

The Entente’s combined GDP outweighed that of the Central Powers by what percentage?

A

60%

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5
Q

How many British troops were sent to France in August 1914?

A

100,000 men

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6
Q

How many men was Germany able to mobilize within 13 days?

A

2 million

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7
Q

In what British sector of government did participation in the war have many enemies?

A

In the British Parliament

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8
Q

What was the advantages possessed by the German army at the start of the war?

A

Better training, better officer to enlisted ratio and was well equipped

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9
Q

Because of the defenses along the French and German border the Schlieffen Plan called for an attack through what country?

A

Belgium

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10
Q

Who was appointed Chief of the General Staff in 1911 for France?

A

General Joseph-Jaccques-Cesaire Joffre

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11
Q

What plan did Joffre introduce at the basic French war plan?

A

Plan 17

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12
Q

What percentage of Germany’s troops were stationed along the German and French border?

A

15%

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13
Q

What was the plan for the German invasion?

A

To race through Belgium, behind Paris encircling both the city and the French Army

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14
Q

How many men was Belgium able to field against the massive German invasion?

A

117,000 poorly equipped troops

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15
Q

Who had the most infantry divisions in the Entente in 1914?

A

Russia with 114.5 divisions

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16
Q

Who had the least infantry divisions in the Entente in 1914?

A

Britain and Belgium with 6 each

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17
Q

Who had the most calvary divisions of the Entente in 1914?

A

Russia with 36 divisions

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18
Q

What country had the least calvary divisions in the Entente in 1914?

A

Britain, Serbia, and Belgium with 1 each

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19
Q

What country had the most infantry divisions in the Central Powers in 1914?

A

Germany with 87.5 divisions

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20
Q

What country had the least infantry divisions in the Central Powers in 1914?

A

Austro-Hungary with 49.5

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21
Q

What country in the Central Powers had the most calvary divisions?

A

Germany and Austro-Hungary with eleven each

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22
Q

What Entente country had the most colonial troops in 1914?

A

Britain with 190,000

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23
Q

What country in the Entente had the least colonial troops in 1914?

A

France with 157,000

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24
Q

What Central Power country had the only colonial troops?

A

Germany with 7,000

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25
Q

What was the total number of infantry divisions fielded by the Entente in 1914?

A

218 infantry divisions

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26
Q

What was the total number of infantry divisions in 1914 in Central Powers?

A

137 infantry divisions

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27
Q

What was the total number of Cavalry divisions fielded by The Entente in 1914?

A

49 cavalry divisions

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28
Q

What was the number of cavalry divisions fielded by the Central Powers in 1914?

A

22 cavalry divisions

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29
Q

What were the Belgian’s most impressive defensive works?

A

The fort at Liege and Namur, each comprising a 25 mile circle of forts and protected y heavy artillery emplacements

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30
Q

When did the city of Liege fall?

A

August 7, 1914

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31
Q

What guns destroyed the forts of Liege?

A

Krupp 420mm and 305mm Skoda’s

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32
Q

The last fort a tLiege fell on what day?

A

August 16, 1914

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33
Q

How many days did it take Germany to defeat Belgium?

A

20 days

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34
Q

When did Namur surrender?

A

August 24, 1914

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35
Q

What had the Schlieffen plan originally called for when it came to the Belgian fortresses?

A

The use of one division

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36
Q

How many divisions did it actually take capture the Belgian fortresses?

A

Eight divisions

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37
Q

The Battle of the Frontiers lasted from?

A

August 14 to September 6

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38
Q

What was the composition of the French and German armies at the start of the war?

A

The French had 78 infantry and 10 cavalry divisions while the Germans had 76 infantry and 10 cavalry there were also 4 British divisions

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39
Q

How many men did France mobilize within the first few weeks?

A

1.5 million men

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40
Q

What did Joffre believe about an offensive strategy?

A

That it would open a path towards Berlin and force Germany to sue for peace

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41
Q

How much larger was the German force than the Belgian army?

A

5 times larger

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42
Q

What is a time delay fuse?

A

A fuse that can be attached to a shell that allows it to penetrate its target before exploding

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43
Q

What was France’s response to the war?

A

On August 14, they launched four simultaneous attacks towards Alsace and Lorraine but were soundly defeated by the Germans

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44
Q

By what date did General Joffre recognize that Plan 17 wasn’t working?

A

August 23

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45
Q

How many German generals resigned due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan?

A

Moltke, Kluck and 32 others for a total of 34

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46
Q

Who commanded the BEF?

A

Sir John French

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47
Q

Who commanded the main French force that encountered the Germans?

A

General Lanrezak

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48
Q

What was Moltke’s two mistakes?

A

He diverted troops from the right flank to Lorraine to attempt a grand pincer movement to surround Paris, the other was to deploy two army corps, 7 divisions or 90,000 men to the Eastern Front

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49
Q

Where did the BEF retreat to after the Battle of the Frontiers?

A

The other side of the Marne River

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50
Q

When did Joffre go back on the offensive?

A

September 5

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51
Q

What did Joffre use to transfer his soldiers to the front at Paris?

A

Railroads and six hundred Parisian taxicabs

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52
Q

How many guns were used in the Battle of the Marne?

A

3,000 heavy guns, which yes a shit load

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53
Q

Wh suffered the most casualties during the Battle of the Frontiers

A

Germany with 220,000

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54
Q

Who suffered the least casualties at the Battle of the Frontiers?

A

Belgium with 12,000

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55
Q

Who was von Moltke’s successor?

A

Erich von Falkenhayn

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56
Q

What was con Falkenhayn’s strategy?

A

To try to outflank the Entente to the west along the coast of the English Channel

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57
Q

What was the First Battle of Ypres?

A

A German attack that tried to break the trenches of the BEF along the coast but it failed when the Belgians opened up the gates of the Yesr River to stop the advance

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58
Q

How many casualties did the French suffer in the first five months of the war?

A

1000,000 million

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59
Q

What did the Battle of the Marne become known as?

A

The Miracle on the Marne

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60
Q

What saw the emergence of trench warfare?

A

The Race to the Sea

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61
Q

How many divisions did Germany leave on the Eastern front to defend against Russian advances??

A

13 divisions or 1/8 of the entire army

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62
Q

What percentage of the Russian army was deployed along the German border?

A

40%

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63
Q

What was declared in Russia to ensure quick mobilization?

A

Prohibition on alcohol

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64
Q

When did Russia launch its first offensives?

A

August 14, 1914

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65
Q

With in how many weeks did the mobilized Russian army outnumber the Central Powers?

A

Two weeks after the outbreak of the war

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66
Q

What was the dispersion of divisions of the Russian army at the start of the offensives?

A

46 divisions against Austria and 30 against Germany

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67
Q

Wh did Russia have most of their army ready to invade Austria?

A

Because public opinion wanted Austria out of the war, they could then liberate Ukraine and pursue interests in the Balkans and against the Ottoman Empire

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68
Q

What did Russians refer to the Ukrainians as?

A

Malorusskie or Little Russians

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69
Q

How was the Russian Army in East Prussia divided?

A

The 1st army under Pavel von Rennenkampf, and the 2nd under Aleksander Samsanov

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70
Q

Who stated the history will condemn me… but I have given the order to march?

A

Iakov Zhilinksii

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71
Q

How much did the Russians in East Prussia outnumber the Germans by?

A

Three to two

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72
Q

What was the first Russian victory against the Germans?

A

The Battle of Gumbinnen on August 20 when the Germans launched frontal attacks and lost 8,000 out of 30,000 men

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73
Q

After what defeat were German Generals Ludendorff and Hindenberg placed in command?

A

The Battle of Gumbinnen

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74
Q

What were two major advantages in the Battle of Tannenberg?

A

The lack of communication between the Russian armies and the Germans excellent rail network that allowed for the quick transfer of troops

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75
Q

Who didn’t distribute code books in East Prussia?

A

The Russians

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76
Q

What were the two Russian armies separated by in East Prussia?

A

A region of thick lakes and forests

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77
Q

What fortress was in East Prussia that was attacked by the 1st army?

A

The fortress at Konigsberg

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78
Q

What was the Battle of Tannenberg?

A

When the German 8th army under Ludendorff surrounded and wiped out the Russian 2nd army under Samsanov

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79
Q

What were the Russian casualties at Tannenberg?

A

50,000 Russian killed and 100,000 taken prisoner

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80
Q

What happened to the Russian army after Tannenberg?

A

They retreated into Russia and continued to mobilize their army which prevented any quick German gains

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81
Q

What were the forces in the Austrian theater at the start of the war?

A

50 Russian and 11 Serbian divisions against 48 Austro-Hungarian divisions

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82
Q

What was the original plan for the defense of Austria?

A

For Austria to leave minimal forces against the Serbians while concentrating against Russia

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83
Q

What did Austria do instead of following their plan?

A

Austrian commander Conrad sent twenty divisions against Serbia for a quick victory

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84
Q

What was the German’s response to Conrad’s actions?

A

Force him to go back to the original plan

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85
Q

What happened to the Austrian offensive at the start of the war?

A

It failed when Conrad underestimated the Serbian army

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86
Q

Why was the Serbian army better than the Austrian army?

A

It was battle tested, conscripted a higher proportion of the male population than any other country, used mountainous terrain in defense and attacks, also recieved modern weapons from France

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87
Q

What were the November offensives in Serbia?

A

The Austrians captured the capital Belgrade on November 30, but lost it in a Serbian counterattack two weeks later

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88
Q

What was the course of the initial campaign against Russia by Austria?

A

Conrad attacked to secure Galacian mountain passes, the Russians launched a counterattack and captured Lwow on September 3, the capital of Galacia

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89
Q

What was the Entente’s first victory?

A

The Battle of Lwol

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90
Q

What were the casualties for both sides during the Galacia campaign?

A

400,000 for the Austrians while 250,000 for the Russians

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91
Q

When did the Austrian fortress at Przmysl surrender

A

March 20, 1915

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92
Q

What cause the Germans to shift their focus to the Eastern Front?

A

The loss of the Austrian fortress at Pryzmel

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93
Q

What was one reason for the failure of a quick war?

A

The machine guns defensive capabilities

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94
Q

What German writer that the machine gun would unleash a storm of steel upon charging infantry?

A

German soldier/author Ernst Junger

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95
Q

Why were horses vulnerable?

A

They could be shot almost a mile away

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96
Q

How many rounds per minute could a machine gun fire by 1914?

A

600 rpm at almost a kilometer

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97
Q

What German Chief of Staff told the German Chancellor Theobald von Bethman-Hollweg that the war was unwinnable and proposed negotiating a piece treaty with Russia?

A

Erich von Falkenhayn

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98
Q

How did Falknehayn react to the rejection of the peace treay?

A

By taking a defensive posture on the Western

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99
Q

When did Falkenhayn order the construction of a formidable defensive network on the Western Front?

A

January 1915

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100
Q

How many troops surrendered at Przemysl?/

A

117,000

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101
Q

How long did the siege of Pzemmysl last?

A

200 days

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102
Q

What ethnic groups fired over the heads of the Slavic Russian and Ukrainian army?

A

Czechs, Slovaks and Slovenians

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103
Q

How many Austrian divisions were not involved in the fighting at the start of the war?

A

10 divisions

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104
Q

What was the problem with Austrian railways at the start of the war?

A

They were single track

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105
Q

What is the key to offensives?

A

Mobility

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106
Q

How much food did a horse eat a day?

A

22 pounds

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107
Q

Along what river did the German construct a formidable defensive line?

A

The Aisne River

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108
Q

What did the Germans incorporate into their defensive line along the Aisne River?

A

Concrete machine gun turrets, pill boxes, deep bunkers, several lines of trenches

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109
Q

The First and Second Balkan wars saw the lost of how much Ottoman territory?

A

4/5ths

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110
Q

The flood of what refugees heightened Ottoman anger against the Entente?

A

Muslim refugees

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111
Q

Who was the Ottoman Minister of War?

A

Enver Pasha

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112
Q

What German officer lead a military mission to Turkey in 1913?

A

Colonel Liman van Sanders

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113
Q

In September 1914 what did the Young Turks declare?

A

The unilateral renunciation of all unequal treaties

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114
Q

What two German ships were stuck in the Mediterranean when the war started?

A

The Breslau and the Goeben

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115
Q

What happened to the Breslau and the Goeben?

A

They fled to Turkey where they were bought by the Turks in exchange for two Turkish ships stolen by the British

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116
Q

What was the one point that negotiations between Britain, France and the Ottoman Empire were stuck on?

A

A grantee that Russia would not get any Ottoman territory at the end of the war

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117
Q

What brought the Ottoman Empire into the war?

A

Admiral Souchon led the Goeben, the Breslau and Ottoman ships in a bombardment of a Black Sea port, sinking a Russian ship on October 29, 1914

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118
Q

What did Germany hope to get out of an Ottoman Empire entry into the war?

A

An uprising by 140 million muslims in the British, French and Russian empires

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119
Q

How many men had Russia deployed in the Caucasus to prepare for Ottoman entry into the war?

A

170,000 MEN

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120
Q

What were the total casualties at the Battle of Sarikamish?

A

80,000 men

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121
Q

What was the Ottoman Empire’s first victory?

A

The Battle of Gallipoli

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122
Q

Why did the Allies look to the Dardanelles?

A

They thought an attack would open a route for supplies to reach Russia, also Romania, Bulgaria and Greece could enter the war with the Entente

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123
Q

When did the Battle of the Dardanelles begin?

A

February 1915

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124
Q

What happened on April 25, 1915?

A

Allied forces landed on the Gallipoli peninsula

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125
Q

Who were ANZAC’S

A

Volunteer forces from Australia and New Zealand

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126
Q

What happened in September 1915?

A

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers

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127
Q

By December how many casualties did the Entente sufer in Gallipoli?

A

230,000 casualties

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128
Q

How many casualties did the Ottoman Empire take in Gallipoli?

A

300,000 casualties

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129
Q

What happened at the Suez Canal?

A

The Ottomans attacked two Indian divisions, the British counterattacked and failed, on April 29, 1916 Sir Charles Townshend surrendered the largest British force in history

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130
Q

What happened in February 1916?

A

The Russian Caucasus Army captured the fortress complex at Erzerum in five days

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131
Q

Who led the Arab national uprising that captured Mecca, a port on the Red Sea and Damascus?

A

Emir Abdullah-ibn Hussein

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132
Q

By 1917 Entente forces captured much of what area?

A

Palestine

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133
Q

When did Japan declare war on Germany?

A

August 1914

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134
Q

What port did the Japanese capture?

A

Tsingtao on November 7, 1914

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135
Q

Australia and New Zealand captured what islands?

A

Samoa, the Soloman Islands an New Guinea

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136
Q

What four German colonies were in Africa?

A

Togoland, Cameroon, German Southwest Africa and East Africa

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137
Q

What happened in German East Africa?

A

German Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck mobilized 3,00 German soldiers and 11,000 Askari who evaded a British force of 130,000

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138
Q

How many Australian volunteers were raised in 1914?

A

50,000 men

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139
Q

How many Australian volunteers served in the Great War?

A

380,000 men

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140
Q

When was the Royal Australian Flying Corps created?

A

In 1914

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141
Q

How many volunteers did Canada raise during the war?

A

550,000

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142
Q

What caused political tumoil and riots in Canada in 1917?

A

Conscription acts

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143
Q

How many Canadians were conscripted during the war?

A

120,000 men

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144
Q

How many conscripted Canadians were sent overseas?

A

50,000 men

145
Q

How many troops were recruited in India?

A

1.3 million

146
Q

What Indian declaration in August 1917 promised greater Indian participation in government?

A

The Montagu Declaration

147
Q

In what French colonies did rebellions ignite due to conscription?

A

Algeria, Morocco, New Caledonia and Indochina

148
Q

What was the most serious uprising in the French colonies?

A

The Grand Riviere uprising in 1915 to 1916

149
Q

How many insurgents were involved in the Grand Riviere uprising?

A

160,000 insurgents

150
Q

Why did the massive rebellions in Central Russia take place?

A

Due to the Russian conscription of the Kirgiz and other previosly exempt groups

151
Q

How many Russian battalions were required to put down the Kirgiz uprising?

A

14 battalions and numerous Cossacks

152
Q

How many million Muslims were in the world in 1914?

A

270 million

153
Q

Where did Canadian conscription laws face strong opposition?

A

Quebec

154
Q

What series of battles from January-April 1915 brought huge losses to the Austrian army?

A

The battles of the Carpathian Mountains

155
Q

What were problems on the Austrian home front in 1915?

A

Rising grain prices and the multiethnic composition of the army

156
Q

How many Austrian men were called to duty in August 1914?

A

3,000,000 men

157
Q

How many casualties had the Austrians suffered by March 1915?

A

Nearly 2 million

158
Q

When did Falkenhayn order the German armies on the Western Front to dig in and establish defenses?

A

November 25, 1914

159
Q

What was the balance of forces on the Eastern front in May 1915?

A

109 Central Power Divisions to 100 Russian

160
Q

What was the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive?

A

An Eastern front offensive on May 2, 1915 that broke through the Russian lines and took 140,000 prisoners in two days

161
Q

What were contrasts between the Eastern Front and the Western Front?

A

The Eastern front saw more territorial changes, was more fluid, had less railways and artillery barrages worked due to shallow trenches

162
Q

What was the Russian defensive strategy in 1915?

A

To heavily man the front lines so when the Germans broke through they could rapidly encircling large amounts of Russian soldiers

163
Q

By September 1915 what countries in the East had fallen to the Central Powers?

A

Poland, most of Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine

164
Q

How many casualties did the Russians suffer in flanking maneuvers and encirclements?

A

1.4 million casualties

165
Q

What did the German offensives that caused massive casualties in Russia become known as in Russia?

A

The Great Retreat

166
Q

What did the Russians loose at the fortress of Kovno?

A

1,300 guns, 53,000 heavy artillery shells and 800,000 field artillery shells

167
Q

How many Russian subjects fell under German control during the Great Retreat>

A

23 million or 13% of Russia’s population

168
Q

How many Russian officers had been lost by late 1915?

A

60,000 officers

169
Q

How many Russian refugees were driven from Western Russia due to the Great Retreat?

A

6 million refugees

170
Q

What happened to the Jews during the Great Retreat?

A

They were forcibly expelled, accused of treason, beaten, looted and killed by Russian Cossacks

171
Q

When was the first three day riot in Moscow against Germans and foreigners?

A

May 1915

172
Q

How did the Russians mobilize to support the war effort after the Moscow riots?

A

Factory owners, officials, and political figures worked together to coordinate the production of shells and weapons. Reactionary ministers were replaced with competent moderates

173
Q

What did the Duma form in response to the 1915 Moscow riots?

A

A Grand Progressive Block

174
Q

Who became the Russian War Minister in 1915?

A

Aleksei Polivanov

175
Q

What agreement among the Allies was signed in March 1915?

A

An agreement giving Russia Istanbul and the straits at the end of the war

176
Q

When did Italy declare war on the Central Powers and why?

A

May 23, 1915 due to the promise of Austrian territory and seizure of power by a right-wing government in Rome

177
Q

How large was Italy’s army at the start of the war?

A

1.2 million

178
Q

How many casualties did the Italians suffer in the four battles along the Isonzo River in 1915?

A

235,000

179
Q

What was the problem with Italy’s army?

A

It was underequipped

180
Q

How did Austria defend herself from the Italians?

A

Be taking a defensive posture along the mountainous border

181
Q

Britain deployed more divisions and joined the French attack at Champagne in what battle?

A

The Third Battle of Artois

182
Q

What was used for the first time at the Third Battle of Artios?

A

Chlorine gas, airplanes to locate targets for artillery and tactical bombing raids

183
Q

What happened during the Third Battle of Artois?

A

The Entente broke the first line but were slaughtered by the Germans second and third lines

184
Q

How long did the Third Battle of Artios last?

A

September 25, 1915 to October 14, 1915 a period of three weeks

185
Q

What were the casualties for the Third Battle of Artois?

A

The French took 200,000 casualties, the British 50,000 and the Germans 60,000

186
Q

How many casualties did the French suffer per square kilometer at the Third Battle of Artois?

A

2700 casualties

187
Q

How did the Central Powers entice Bulgaria to join the Central Powers?

A

By promising an attack on Serbia and Macedonian territories at the end of the war

188
Q

Where did the Germans focus from late 1915 to early 1916?

A

The Western Front

189
Q

Despite the massive population advantage held by the Entente why was it not as great as it sounds?

A

Because many lived in far away lands in colonies

190
Q

Why was the Entente advantage in men not lost in 1917?

A

Because the United States replaced Russia in the war

191
Q

Why was the military forces not so much greater for the Entente?

A

Because Brtiain did not use conscription and thus lacked a pool of trained reserves

192
Q

What was the advantage and disadvantage of the Central Powers being concentrated in one block?

A

Concentrated but was surrounded by the Entente

193
Q

What did the French military planners do when the realized that Germany might invade thorugh Belgium?

A

Build defenses along the border but they underestimated the size of the German invasion

194
Q

What did Joffre believe about Plan 17?

A

That by forcing French troops quickly onto German soil he could open the path to Berlin and force Germany to sue for peace

195
Q

The German invasion of France was a race against?

A

Time

196
Q

What were the Belgian’s most impressive military assets?

A

The modern fortress complexes at Liege and Namur

197
Q

What calbire of artillery could the forts at Liege and Namur withstand?

A

210mm howitzers

198
Q

When were the forts at Liege and Namur constructed?

A

1888-1892

199
Q

When did the German army enter Belgium?

A

August 4

200
Q

What were the opening moves by the German commander at Liege?

A

A series of risky moves that caused heav casualties but led to the fall of Liege

201
Q

How many forts were located at Liege?

A

12 forts

202
Q

What inch calibre were the 420mm Krupp guns?

A

16,8 inch

203
Q

How man large naval vessels did Russia have in 1914?

A

4

204
Q

How many large warships did France have in 1914?

A

10

205
Q

How many large naval vessels did Hungary have in 1914?

A

3

206
Q

How many days of bombardments did it take before Namur surrendered?

A

3 days

207
Q

Why did Joffre not sent any divisions to help out Belgium?

A

He wanted to keep them all for his offensie in the west

208
Q

How many soldiers did the Battle of the Frontiers invovle?

A

2 million soldiers

209
Q

How many casualties did the French and Germans suffer in Alsace and Lorraine?

A

200,000 each

210
Q

What did Joffre after he realized his Plan had failed?

A

Transfer the bulk of his forces to the north to meet the invasion

211
Q

How man ytroops did Moltke send to the Eastern Front to stop a rapid Russian march on Berlin?

A

2 army crops/ 7 divisions/ 90,000 men

212
Q

What German army was exhausted before the Battle of the Marne had even began?

A

The right flank under Kluck

213
Q

What happened to Serbia after Bulgaria joined the war?

A

It was defeated and her army evacuated to Salonika and Corfu

214
Q

By when had trench warfare settled over the Western Front?

A

By mid-November 1914

215
Q

When was the First Battle of Ypres?

A

OCTOBER 8-November 14, 1914

216
Q

What was the key to the Franco-Russian Alliance?

A

Russia’s ability to mobilize quickly enough to field an army sufficient to launch a rapid offensive against Germany

217
Q

What was the goal of the initial Russian offensives?

A

To force Germany to send troops from France or open a path to Berlin

218
Q

What were the German casualties at Gumbinnen?

A

8,000 out of 30,000

219
Q

After Gumbinnen what was the time period between Tannenburg and the Masurian lakes?

A

3 weeks

220
Q

When did Germany transfer forces in the 8th army south to attack the Russian second army?

A

On August 24

221
Q

What did the Russians do in September of 1914 to the Germans?

A

Laucnh an offensive that took back some territroy but suffered heavy casualties

222
Q

Why did Conrad attack Serbia?

A

Because war with Serbia was popular in Austria

223
Q

What happened when Conrad transferred his divisions back to the plan?

A

The single track railways and rigid mobilization schedule slowed the troops movements

224
Q

How many divisions did not fight as a result of Conrad disobeying the German plan?

A

10 divisions

225
Q

The offensive into Serbia came at a great cost in terms of?

A

Soldier casualties and atrocities commmitted against civlians by both sides

226
Q

When did the Austrians capture Belgrade?

A

On November 30, 1914

227
Q

What was the balance of forces in August 1914 against Austria?

A

750,000 Russians against 500,000 Austrians

228
Q

What kind of captial was Lwow?

A

A provincial captial

229
Q

When was Lwow captured by Russia?

A

On September 3, 1914

230
Q

What groups in the Austrian army fired over the heads of the Russians, surrendered or deserted?

A

Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians

231
Q

In the first month of the war what territories of Austria had Russia captured?

A

Almost the entire province of Galacia bringing nearly all the Ukranians and large nubers of Poles and Jews

232
Q

How many Austrian troops were at Przemysl?

A

117,000 troops

233
Q

How long was the seige of Przemysl?

A

200 days

234
Q

What caused the Austrians at Przemsyl to surrender?

A

The arrival of artillery capable of breaking down the walls

235
Q

How long was the Western Front trench line?

A

750 kilometers

236
Q

How long did it take the Germans to win decesive battles during the Franco-Prussian War?

A

6 weeks

237
Q

When was the machine gun developed?

A

1880’s to 1890’s

238
Q

What type of barrels did machine guns use?

A

Air-cooled

239
Q

What is the key to offensives?

A

Mobility

240
Q

How far away could horses be killed?

A

A mile for a good infantryman and three miles for artillery

241
Q

What improvements came to artillery before the war?

A

Brakes holding artillery in place after firing, and Krupp and Skoda making greater sized, ranged and explosive guns

242
Q

What could artillery not penetrate?

A

Earthen defenses

243
Q

When did Falkenhayn tell the Chancellor that the war was unwinnable?

A

October 1914

244
Q

When did Falkenhayn order even more formidable defenses along the Western Front?

A

January 1915

245
Q

When did the Young Turks declare the renounciations of all unequal treaties?

A

In September 1914

246
Q

Who argued that the decisions for war in the Ottoman Empire involved the public and not just Enver Pasha?

A

Mustafa Aksakai

247
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Black Sea?

A

October 29, 1914

248
Q

What valley did the Russians take at the start of the war against the Ottomans?

A

The Aras Valley just east of Erzerum

249
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Caucauses at the start of the war?

A

December 22, 1914

250
Q

Why did Enver attack the Caucasus?

A

Because he thought an ivasion of the Caucasus would spark uprisings among Muslim and Turkic groups in the region

251
Q

How cold did it get in the Caucasus?

A

-30 Farenheit

252
Q

For how many days did Enver fight the Russians in the Caucasus?

A

For ten days before he retreated

253
Q

When did the Ottomans finally force Russia out of their territory?

A

After 1917 and the subsequent Civil War

254
Q

When was the Battle of Gallipoli?

A

February-December 1915

255
Q

What man pushed hard for the British Navy to help the attack in the Dardanelles?

A

Winston Churchill, First Lord of the British Admiralty

256
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Suez Canal?

A

In 1915 and 1916

257
Q

Who controlled Egypt?

A

Occupied by Britain but under the religous authority of the Ottoman Sultan formally

258
Q

Where did British Middle Eastern offensives fail in 1916?

A

In the Sinai and at Baghdad

259
Q

Where did Townshend surrender the largest British force ever?

A

At Baghdad

260
Q

When did Townshend oversee the largest capitulation in British history?

A

April 29, 1916

261
Q

Where did the Ottomans fight the Entente?

A

In the Sinai Desert, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and the Middle East

262
Q

Worries about Muslim mobilization caused Entente leaders to do what?

A

Keep large numbers of colonial troops at home to guard against uprisings rather than fighting in Europe

263
Q

By October 1918 what had Emir Abdullah ibn-Hussein entered?

A

Damascus

264
Q

The Young Turk leaders had a percieved bias against whom?

A

Arabs

265
Q

What was the balance of forces at Tsingtao?

A

50,000 Japanese troops and 3,000 German marines

266
Q

What German territories was Japan allowed in a treaty with Britain?

A

The colonies north of the equator

267
Q

What modern day country’s did German East Africa encompass?

A

Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzinia

268
Q

Why did British and German governers not want to fight in Africa?

A

Because they assumed tha arming the native African populations was not in their best interests and it would bring problems later on down the road

269
Q

How much bigger is German East Africa than France?

A

1.5x

270
Q

In what dominions did the war inspire support for Britain?

A

New Zealand, Canada, Austalia, South Africa and Newfoundland

271
Q

What dominion mobilized the most number of troops?

A

India with 1.68 million

272
Q

What colony/dominion raised the least number of troops?

A

The Belgian Congo at 25,000

273
Q

What dominion suffered the most dead?

A

India

274
Q

What dominion suffered the least dead?

A

South Africa at 19,000

275
Q

What dominion suffered the most casualties?

A

Canada and Australia at 209,000 each

276
Q

What dominion suffered the leas casualties?

A

South Africa 7,000

277
Q

What dominion sent the most troops overseas?

A

iNDIA AT 1.096 MILLION

278
Q

What was the order from highest to lowest number of troop smobilized?

A

Inida, Canada, French colonial, South African, New Zealand and Belgian Congo

279
Q

What was the order from most to least number of troops sent overseas by the Entente domonions?

A

India, French colonial, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand

280
Q

What was the order for total casualties form highest to lowest of the Entente dominions?

A

Canada and Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa

281
Q

What was the order from highest to lowest of the total killed of dominion troops from the Entente?

A

French colonial, Indian, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa

282
Q

Where did Australian forces serve?

A

Egypt and Gallipoli

283
Q

Where did the RAFC ariplanes play a significant role?

A

In the Middle East and the Western Front

284
Q

Did the Indians ever introduce conscription?

A

No

285
Q

Where did Indian troops serve?

A

Guarding British oil installations and the Suez Canal, fighting against the Ottoman Empire and in German East Africa

286
Q

What caused colonies to demand greater control over their own affairs?

A

National pride in battlefield exploitscombined with disillusionment with Britain for the incredible human and economic costs of the war

287
Q

How many colonial troops served in the Middle East and Europe?

A

Nearly 2 million

288
Q

What wars had Indians not been allowed to fight in?

A

The Crimean and Boer wars

289
Q

What did Allied colonies supply in addition to troops?

A

Raw materials and tax revenues

290
Q

How man natives and Slavic settlers were killed in Central Asia due to the rebellion?

A

Tens of thousands of natives and 3,600 Slavic settlers

291
Q

When was the machine gun developed?

A

1880’s to 1890’s

292
Q

What type of barrels did machine guns use?

A

Air-cooled

293
Q

What is the key to offensives?

A

Mobility

294
Q

How far away could horses be killed?

A

A mile for a good infantryman and three miles for artillery

295
Q

What improvements came to artillery before the war?

A

Brakes holding artillery in place after firing, and Krupp and Skoda making greater sized, ranged and explosive guns

296
Q

What could artillery not penetrate?

A

Earthen defenses

297
Q

When did Falkenhayn tell the Chancellor that the war was unwinnable?

A

October 1914

298
Q

When did Falkenhayn order even more formidable defenses along the Western Front?

A

January 1915

299
Q

When did the Young Turks declare the renounciations of all unequal treaties?

A

In September 1914

300
Q

Who argued that the decisions for war in the Ottoman Empire involved the public and not just Enver Pasha?

A

Mustafa Aksakai

301
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Black Sea?

A

October 29, 1914

302
Q

What valley did the Russians take at the start of the war against the Ottomans?

A

The Aras Valley just east of Erzerum

303
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Russians in the Caucauses at the start of the war?

A

December 22, 1914

304
Q

Why did Enver attack the Caucasus?

A

Because he thought an ivasion of the Caucasus would spark uprisings among Muslim and Turkic groups in the region

305
Q

How cold did it get in the Caucasus?

A

-30 Farenheit

306
Q

For how many days did Enver fight the Russians in the Caucasus?

A

For ten days before he retreated

307
Q

When did the Ottomans finally force Russia out of their territory?

A

After 1917 and the subsequent Civil War

308
Q

When was the Battle of Gallipoli?

A

February-December 1915

309
Q

What man pushed hard for the British Navy to help the attack in the Dardanelles?

A

Winston Churchill, First Lord of the British Admiralty

310
Q

When did the Ottomans attack the Suez Canal?

A

In 1915 and 1916

311
Q

Who controlled Egypt?

A

Occupied by Britain but under the religous authority of the Ottoman Sultan formally

312
Q

Where did British Middle Eastern offensives fail in 1916?

A

In the Sinai and at Baghdad

313
Q

Where did Townshend surrender the largest British force ever?

A

At Baghdad

314
Q

When did Townshend oversee the largest capitulation in British history?

A

April 29, 1916

315
Q

Where did the Ottomans fight the Entente?

A

In the Sinai Desert, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus and the Middle East

316
Q

Worries about Muslim mobilization caused Entente leaders to do what?

A

Keep large numbers of colonial troops at home to guard against uprisings rather than fighting in Europe

317
Q

By October 1918 what had Emir Abdullah ibn-Hussein entered?

A

Damascus

318
Q

The Young Turk leaders had a percieved bias against whom?

A

Arabs

319
Q

What was the balance of forces at Tsingtao?

A

50,000 Japanese troops and 3,000 German marines

320
Q

What German territories was Japan allowed in a treaty with Britain?

A

The colonies north of the equator

321
Q

What modern day country’s did German East Africa encompass?

A

Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzinia

322
Q

Why did British and German governers not want to fight in Africa?

A

Because they assumed tha arming the native African populations was not in their best interests and it would bring problems later on down the road

323
Q

How much bigger is German East Africa than France?

A

1.5x

324
Q

In what dominions did the war inspire support for Britain?

A

New Zealand, Canada, Austalia, South Africa and Newfoundland

325
Q

What dominion mobilized the most number of troops?

A

India with 1.68 million

326
Q

What colony/dominion raised the least number of troops?

A

The Belgian Congo at 25,000

327
Q

What dominion suffered the most dead?

A

India

328
Q

What dominion suffered the least dead?

A

South Africa at 19,000

329
Q

What dominion suffered the most casualties?

A

Canada and Australia at 209,000 each

330
Q

What dominion suffered the leas casualties?

A

South Africa 7,000

331
Q

What dominion sent the most troops overseas?

A

iNDIA AT 1.096 MILLION

332
Q

What was the order from highest to lowest number of troop smobilized?

A

Inida, Canada, French colonial, South African, New Zealand and Belgian Congo

333
Q

What was the order from most to least number of troops sent overseas by the Entente domonions?

A

India, French colonial, Canada, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand

334
Q

What was the order for total casualties form highest to lowest of the Entente dominions?

A

Canada and Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa

335
Q

What was the order from highest to lowest of the total killed of dominion troops from the Entente?

A

French colonial, Indian, Canada, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa

336
Q

Where did Australian forces serve?

A

Egypt and Gallipoli

337
Q

Where did the RAFC ariplanes play a significant role?

A

In the Middle East and the Western Front

338
Q

Did the Indians ever introduce conscription?

A

No

339
Q

Where did Indian troops serve?

A

Guarding British oil installations and the Suez Canal, fighting against the Ottoman Empire and in German East Africa

340
Q

What caused colonies to demand greater control over their own affairs?

A

National pride in battlefield exploitscombined with disillusionment with Britain for the incredible human and economic costs of the war

341
Q

How many colonial troops served in the Middle East and Europe?

A

Nearly 2 million

342
Q

What wars had Indians not been allowed to fight in?

A

The Crimean and Boer wars

343
Q

What did Allied colonies supply in addition to troops?

A

Raw materials and tax revenues

344
Q

How man natives and Slavic settlers were killed in Central Asia due to the rebellion?

A

Tens of thousands of natives and 3,600 Slavic settlers

345
Q

What groups did the new Austrian=Hungarian army commanders have problems communicating with?

A

Czechs, Poles and krainians as well as Slovenes

346
Q

Who stated that by the spring of 1915 the Austrian army was on the verge of disintegration which could only be halted by German intervention?

A

Norman Stone

347
Q

Why were railways a problem on the Eastern Front?

A

They were thin and overburdened so they had a hard time moving troops quickly

348
Q

How many Russian prisoners were taken during the Great Retreat?

A

1 million soldiers

349
Q

By the fall of 1915 the Russian army was what proportion of its 1914 level?

A

It was reduced to a third

350
Q

What were the only parties not to participate in the Progressive Bloc in the Russian Duma?

A

The extreme fringe parties

351
Q

How much did Russian artillery shell production change from May to November in 1915?

A

By 4x as much shells

352
Q

Overall military output in Russia doubled between?

A

1915 and 1916

353
Q

When did Russia pledge to the Allies not to make a seperate peace?

A

September 5, 1914

354
Q

How long was Italy’s border with Hungary?

A

600 kilometers log

355
Q

Was chlorine gas succesfull at Artois?

A

No

356
Q

When was the Battle of Artois?

A

September 25, 1915 to October 14, 1915

357
Q

Where did the Serbian army evacuate after being attacked by Bulgaria?

A

To Corfu then Salonika in Greece

358
Q

When did Germany switch focuss back to the Western Front?

A

Late fall of 1915 and early 1916

359
Q

Where did the Serbian army evacuate after being attacked by Bulgaria?

A

To Corfu then Salonika in Greece

360
Q

When did Germany switch focuss back to the Western Front?

A

Late fall of 1915 and early 1916

Social Science (8 decks)

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