Section Two Flashcards
What was Henry James’s views on the future of civilization?
Pessimistic, his early words mock the belief that peace and global improvement could go on forever
What was the American novelist Henry James known as to many?
As master
What country did Henry James seek naturalization and why?
He sought naturalization in Britain as a protest to America’s neutrality in the Great War
When did Henry James die?
In February 1916
What did Henry James believe that started the First World War?
The German unification back in 1870
Who killed the archduke, why and when and as part of what groups?
Gavrilo Princip as part of the Black Hand, he wanted to liberate Serbia from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and he killed the archduke on June 28, 1914
Paul Fussel said that the Great War was the last to be conceived as taking place within?
A seamless, purposeful history involving a coherent stream of time running from past through present to future
What was the world of World War One?
A static one where relationships were stable and abstractions permanent and reliable
What does Paul Fussell characterize the last summer of 1914 as?
The symbol of everything innocently but irrecoverably lost
Out of the countries in the Entente and the Triple Alliance which did not conscript for its armies?
Britain
How many nationalities was the Habsburg monarchy composed of?
Eleven different nationalities
Since German unification what was their weltpolitick?
Belligerence and militarism
What did most believe the war would be over by?
By Christmas
Where did barbed wire come from?
The American West where they were used to her cattle
When was Thomas Hardy’s poem Channel Firing?
Five months before the start of the war
How close were the trenches in Belgium to London?
70 miles
What was one of the main themes embraced by men who served at the front lines?
The paradox of proximity, longing for a return to what was normal, safe and home
Who wrote in In Flanders Fields?
John McCrae
What is John McCrae best known for?
His poem in Flanders Fields
Where was In Flanders Fields first published and where?
In the English magazine Punch on December 8, 1915
What was In Flanders Fields eventually used as due to its popularity?
A recruiting tool
What is the structure of In Flanders Fields?
Iambic tetrameter with stanzas two and three ending in iambic diameter In Flanders Fields
How did John McCrae die?
He was wounded on the Western Front and died of Pneumonia in a hospital in January 1918
What does in Flanders Fields charge the living with?
Carrying on the fight until the war is won
Why did the poppies germinate so much in the spring of 1915?
Due to shelling of the battlefields
What do the two symbols of the poppies?
The color of blood spilled and the offering of hope of renewel
What does the poppy serve as now?
A mermorial to all who were killed in the war
What is the similarity between Hardy’s and McCrae’s poem?
The collective voice of the dead as their poetic speaker
Rupert Brook’s The Soldier captures what point in the war?
When thousands of young men rushed enthusiastically to the front
What does the first stanza in The Soldier convey and what is it structured as?
His love of his country and identification as an Englishman, it is structured in iambic pentameter and alternating rhyme
When did Rupert Brooke enlist?
On August 4, 1914
When did Rupert Brooke die and why?
He died of blood poisoning on April 23, 1915 in the Aegean Sea on his way to Gallipoli
In what two places were The Soldier published?
The periodical New Numbers in January 1915 and in the magazine Poetry in April 1915
Who read The Soldier and then caused it to be published in The Times the next day?
The Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral who read it as part of his sermon Easter Sunday April 4, 1915
Brooke insists on the image of what which makes it what?
The image of the battlefield grave where if he lies in would make the corner of the foreign field English soil
Who wrote in Dulce et Decorum Est?
Wilfred Owen
What does Wilfred Owen memorialize in his poem Dulce et Decorum Est?
The horror of men wounded from gas attacks
When was Dulce et Decorum Est published and when was it written?
Written in 1917 but not published until Wilfred Owen’s death
What does the poem Ducle et Decorum Est refuse to acknowledge?
The glories of dying for one’s country or even the possibility of a dignified death in war
How does the poem Dulce et Decorum Est end?
With a soldier walking behind a wagon carrying a soldier suffocating from the gas in his lungs
What common feature of war poems do not occur in Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est?
The strong sense of nationality, pride in identity, belief in death and renewal, and the earth as a resting place for dead soldiers
What is Dulce et Decorum Est’s feature?
Its about the dying whose inevitable death is ironically meaningless
What is Owen considered by numerous scholars to be?
The most technically innovative of the poets in World War One
When did Wilfred Woen enlist?
In 1915
What did Owen return to England during the war for?
For shell schock
Who was Wilfred Owen hospitalized with during the war?
Siegfried Sasoon
When did Owens return to the front?
In August 1918
What did Robert Graves write?
The trenches in November 1915
Graves who was badly wounded at what battle so much so that he was pronounced dead?
At the Battle of the Somme
Which three writers suffered from shell shock?
Graves, Sassoon and Owen
What did Graves publish his poems to do?
Challenge the publics attitude and show the ugly realities of trench life
What does Graves present his soldiers as?
Lice in the microcosmic/macrocosmic universe
When was Grave’s first book of poem published?
In 1916
What does the collective we of Graves’s The Trenches recognize?
The inevitability of being squashed along with the tragedy of not knowing how, where or why
When did Siegfried Sassoon enlist?
In 1914
What was Sassoon’s poetic tone by 1917?
Ironic and angry
When did Sassoon publish a protest against the war in The Times?
In 1917
When was Sassoon wounded on the Western Front?
In July 1918
In what volume was Sassoon’s French Duty published in and when?
The volume Counter Attack in June 1918
What war were women fighting during the Great War?
The war to vote
Who founded the Women’s social and Political Union in August 1914?
Emmeline Pankhurst
Djuna Barnes worked out in what two directions during the Great War?
Fighting suffragettes, being forcibly fed and the experience of the soldiers in the trenches
Djuna Barnes’s How it Feels to Be Forcibly Fed was published in what magazine?
The World Magazine
Djuna Barnes’s illustration of a naked, emancipated soldier appeared in what magazine?
Trend
Barne’s illustration for the Trend was inspired by what two sources?
Francois Miller’s The Sower and Francisco Goa’s series The Disasters of War
When did Colette visit her husband on the Western and where?
1915 at Verdun
When was Mary Rinehart sent to Belgium by the Saturday Evening Post?
1915
Mary Rinehart was sent to Belgium by what magazine and to do what?
By the Saturday Evening Post in order to report on the conditions for Belgian refugees and the plight of the Belgian army
Which British journalist chose to explore the home front?
Rebecca West
How did Rebecca West explore the home front?
By visiting the Scottish Dornock Munitions Factory in 1916
What was Rebecca West’s article published in the Daily Chronicle?
Hands that War: The Cordite Makers
How does Rebecca West describe the factory workers at Dornock Munitions Factory?
In fairytale associations with women clad in a Red-Riding Hood fancy dress of khaki and scarlet
How much do the cordite workers make a week?
30 shillings
What writer tried to capture the spirit of war in fiction?
Katherine Mansfield
What happened to Mansfield’s brothers during the war?
They were killed
When did Mansfield visit the frontline
In 1915
Who wrote the Fly and when>
Katherine Mansfield in 1922
The Fly by Katherine Mansfield depicts what?
A man known as Boss grieving the loss of his son and torturing a fly
Mansfield’s Fly serves an image for humanity’s what?
Hopelessness during the war
Mansfield’s imagery of a fly echoes the lice in whose poem?
Robert Graves The Trenches
Gertrude Stein wrote what tongue-in-cheek spoof?
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas is about?
Gertrude’s longtime lover and partner as the author of an autobiography whose central figure is Gertrude Stein
How did Stein and Toklas try to help in the U.S. war effort>
By purchasing a Ford tuck and delivering medical supplies to French hospitals for the American Fund for French wounded
When did Stein and Toklas tour the battlefields of France?
After the armistice
Stein make friends with American soldier while visiting the trenches who she calls?
By the name of their home states
Victory after victory was proclaimed in Germany during what period?
August 7 with the victory at Leige to the fall of Namur on August 24
What German newspaper wrote that the great times of heroes have returned?
Die Tagliche Rundschau
What German newspaper published Silence and when?
August 17, 1914 in the Tagliche Rundschau
Who wrote Silence?
German poet Frida Schanz
Silence by Frida Schanz suggest that the jubilation of Germany’s early victories were?
The calm before the storm
What do the three orchestras in the poem Silence represent possibly?
The three nations of the central powers; Germany, Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire who are joined togehter in a grand concert of war
What is The Dance subtitled?
During a Great Battle 1916
Who wrote The Dance
Dame Edith Sitwell
The Dance uses the imagery of the dance as a counterpoint to?
War
What was the poem The Dance by Edith Sitwell inspired by?
The Battle of the Somme in 1916
Sitwell published how many of Wilfred Owens poems in her journal Wheels?
7 poems
What journal did Edith Sitwell have?
Wheels
What did Edith Sitwell say about Wilfred Owen’s work?
That it was so moving that it one finds oneself crying
When did Edith Sitwell’s Wheels appear?
In 1916 and 1931
Wheels mocked the exhibited work of writers considered?
Georgian or conventional poets
Wheels expressed what emotions of the postwar spirit?
Dominant mood of bitterness, cynicism and flippance
Contemporary reviewers of Wheels viewed the journal as?
The product of the broad effects of the war
How did Vera Brittain suffer a personal loss during the war?
Her fiancee Roland Leighten who was killed in action in 1915
Brittin was enrolled at what university at the start of the war?
Oxford University
Brittain joined what organization during the war?
The Voluntary Aid Detachment
Brittain’s loss and his experience at work in military hospitals in England, Malta and France affected what volume?
Verses of a V.A.D. in 1918
Brittain’s Testament of Youth covered what years in her life and was about?
1900 to 1925 and she wrote about her sense of disillusionment with the war and her pain at the senselessness of her fiancee Roland’s death
When did Brittain learn of her brother Edward’s death on the Italian Front?
While at home during the spring offensive of 1918
When did Brittain stop work as a nurse and what did she do after that?
April 1919 and she became a peace activist, writing for left wing journals, campaigning for the League of Nations and writing her war memoirs
What poem by Brittain was dedicated to Victor Richardson who was blinded at the Battle of Vimy Ridge?
Sic Transit
What happened to Victor Richardson during the war?
He was blinded during the Battle of Vimy Ridge and then died two weeks after returning to England in June 1917 before he could be married to Brittain and cared by her
What is Sic Transit abbreviated from and what does it mean?
Sic transit gloria mundi or so passes the glory of the world
Sic Transit’s name makes it clear that?
All the speaker (Brittain) has loved has passed away in an idle hopeless quest
Red and gold in Sic Transit represent?
The blood and gold of worldly glory
What does Sic Transit begin and end with?
I am so tired
Who wrote the Futurist Manifesto?
F.T. Marinetti
The Futurist Manifesto was inspired by what painting and by whom?
The City Rises by Umberto Boccioni
The Futurist Manifesto captured what theme?
The uncontrollable power of modern machinery, the revolutionary fervor of the masses, the vastness of the modern city and the dominance of energy and speed
The Futurist Manifesto was published in what magazine, when, and under what name?
Le Futurisme on February 20, 1919 of the French newspaper Le Figaro
The Futurist Manifesto spread to newspaper audiences in what countries?
Poland, Spain, Romania and Russia
Futurism has a notable influence on the development of Modernist Literature in what countries?
Great Britain, Europe and the U.S.
The invention of what object laid the groundwork for Marinetti’s rejection of the past?
The Motion Picture
The 1901 exhibition in Paris showed the work of artist?
Pablo Picasso
Where and when was the Irish Literary Revival?
In Dublin in 1904
When was the posthumous exhibition and where?
In Paris in 1907
When was premiere of the atonal compositions in Austria?
In 1908
The Futurist Manifesto heralded the?
Advent of war
What poet was aware of Marinetti’s widespread fame?
Era Pound
What was Pound lecturing on when Marinetti appeared in London in 1912?
Provencal poetry
What relative of Pound attended Marinetti’s lecture instead of Pounds?
His fiancee, Dorothy Shakespeare
Who published Pound’s thoughts on Imagisme?
F.S. Flint
Marinetti made his mark on another writer other than Pound, who was this?
T.E Hulme
When did T.E. Hulme publish his poem and what also happened in that year?
In 1909 it was called Autumn and he met Ezra Pound for the first time
T.E. Hulme inspired what writers of Modernism?
Pound, T.S. Eliot, Wyndham Lewis and James Joyce
What did Hulme describe his concept of image as?
The instantaneous receipt of information through the sense, before any of hits information might be intellectualized by language and active consideration
When did Hulme establish the Poet’s Club?
In 1908
What was the purpose of the Poet’s Club?
To meet and share original verse and prose
Where did Hulme’s new group met?
At the Cafe Tour d’Effel in London
Pound published Imagiste poems along with what other writers in the October 1912 issue of Harriet Monroe’s magazine Poetry?
Hilda Doolittle and Richard Aldington
What did Poun append Ripostes?
The complete Poetical Works of T.E. Hulme
How many of Hulme’s works were in Ripostes?
5 works
What did Pound define the image as in the March issue of Poetry?
That which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time
Pound’s move away from Imagism coincided with what two events?
The star of the war and the arrival of American poet Amy Lowell in England
What would Pound mock the imagism under Amy Lowell’s control as?
Lowellism
Pound’s clear break with Imagism was evidenced in what anthology of poetry?
The Catholic Anthology 1914 to 1915
After his break with Imagism Pound turned towards what new movement along with what other writer?
Vorticism which he established along with Wyndham Lewis
What was the name of the poem that Pound published in The Catholic Anthology that was attributed to a conversation with Hulme?
Trenches St. Eloi
What are the questions that have arisen from Trenches St. Eloi?
Is the poem Pound’s or Hulme’s. When and with whom did the conversation take place. Is Pound the poet or the ventriloquist
Betweeen Hulme and Pound who saw action at the front during the war?
Hulme
Men in Trenches: St. Eloi are described as walking on what street in London?
Picaddily
The mind of the speaker an the men in Trenches St. Eloi?
One
What were the three most important artistic and literary events before the war’s start?
The development of Cubist art, Roger Fry’s staging of Post-Impressionist painting in London in 1910 and 1912, and the rise of the little magazine in Europe and the United States
The friendship of Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso resulted in?
The development of Cubism
How was the name Cubism derived?
When a critic at Braque’s exhibition in 1908 in Paris deemed the paitnings of being constructed of nothing more than little cubes
Picasso’s contribution to Cubism was?
His use of the shapes of African and Oceanic masks as a model for his work
The third artist who helped developed Cubism was?
Juan Gris
What was the name of the exhibition opened by Robert Fry after the initial appearance of Picasso and Braque?
Manet and the Post-Impressionists
When did the Manet and Post-Impressionist exhibition run?
At the Grafton Galleries from November 1910 to January 1911
What were the works included by Fry in the Manet and the Post-Impressionists?
8 oils by Manet, 21 by Cezanne, 20 by Van Gogh, 37 by Ganguin, three by Matisse and two by Picasso
What was the reactions of the critics to Fry’s Manet and the Post-Impressionist exhibition?
Overwhelmingly hostile
Who wrote in Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Brown that On or about December 1910 human character changed?
Virginia Woolf
What were some of the notable Little Magazines?
The New Age, The English Review, Poetry, The Little Review, Blast, Wheels, Transatlantic Review and Transitions
The New Age was edited by who?
A.R. Orage
The New Age played an important role in fostering debates about what movement?
Modernism
When was the New Age published?
Between 1907 and 1922
Who was published in The New Age?
Ezra Pound, Katherine Mansfield, H.G. Wells and T.E. Hulme
How many volumes were in the English Review?
Four
Who was featured in the English Review?
Thomas Hardy, H.G. Wells and Conrad, Pound, Wyndham Lewis and D.H. Lawrence
The English Review served as a transition between what?
The traditional work and the appearance of the advant-garde
What was one of the most substantial and long lasting American journals dedicated to poetry?
Poetry: A Magazine of verse
Who was the editor of Poetry?
Harriet Monroe
When did Poetry start publication?
1912
What did Harriet Monroe dedicate Poetry to?
Publishing the best modern poetry she could find
Who appeared in Harriet Monroe’s Poetry A Magazine of Verse?
W.B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Robert Frost, Carl Sandburg, Edgar Lee Masters, Amy Lowell
What was the title of Monroe’s September 1914 edition of Poetry?
The Poetry of War
What American journal was founded by Margaret Anderson?
The Little Review
What writers were included in The Little Review?
Djuna Barnes, Eliot, Yeats, Dorothy Richardson, May Sinclair, Gertrude Stein and William Carlos Williams
What was the most notable achievement of The Little Review?
The serialization of James Joyce’s Ulysses
How many installments of James Joyce’s Ulysses were published in The Little Review?
23
Why was the Little Review stopped?
The Society for the Suppression of Vice charged the journal with obscenity, brought the editors to trial and won the case
Who founded the Blast?
Wyndham Lewis
When did Blast run and for how many issues?
June and July 1914 with oly two issues
What started and ended Blast?
The start of the war
Blast helped shape what movement?
Vorticism
Vorticism was a reaction against what three movements?
Imagism, Futurism and Cubism
In what was the agenda of Vorticism published?
Long Live the Vortex
What are some of the things that the Vorticism manifesto blesses?
The oceans, the hairdresser and English humor
What did the signatories of the Vorticiism manifesto say their cause was?
No mans
How many signatories were on the Vorticist manifesto?
Eleven
The no-mans of Vorticism is an allusion to?
No mansland and Homer’s Odysseus who tricks Polyphemus the Cyclops by telling him that his name is no man
In Blast’s first issue who and what was included?
Pound, a play by Lewis, Ford Maddox stories, Hueffer and Rebecca West along with Lewis illustrations and Gaudeir-Brzeksa
The momentum of what two movements slowed at the start of the war?
Modernism and avant garde art
Who wrote to Conrad Aiken that nearly everyone had faded away from London or is there very rarely?
T.S. Eliot
Post=war modernism’s birth brought about what according to Samuel Hynes?
The most important wide ranging cultural change in modern English history
Who described the cultural moment of Modernism as; criticism of the 19th century bourgeois social order and its world view?
jOHN bARTH
D.H. Lawrence in 1924 wrote what about the Great War?
That it smashed the growing tip of European civilization
Modernist writers repudiated the traditionalism of war poets like?
Siegfried Sassoon and Robert Graves
Who were the major modernists?
Pound, Eliot, Woolf, Joyce, Lawrence, Fitzgerald, Faulkner and Hemingway
What did Hemingway describe Paris as?
A moveable feats
When did Hemingway arrive in Paris?
In 1921
When did Pound meet Hemingway?
In 1922
What story of Hemingway’s did critics say is indebted for the visuality of its landscapes to Cezanne’s own late landscape paintings?
Big Two Hearted River
When did Hemingway meet Picasso?
In 1922
Between May 1922 and May 1929 Hemingway was published in what magazines?
The Double Dealer, Poetry, Transatlantic Review, Der Querschnitt, The Little Review, This Quarter, The Exile and Transition
How many issues of The English Review were there?
Eleven
