Section B: Skill Acquisition and Information Processing

Question 1

Explain the term anticipation

Answer 1

Attempting to predict that a movement will happen

Question 2

Define spatial and temporal anticipation

Answer 2

Spatial anticipation - predicting what/where a movement will happen e.g type of pass
Temporal anticipation- predicting when something will happen e.g speed of the ball

Question 3

Identify the process of five arrows entering the perceptual mechanism in Whitings module and explain why it is necessary

Answer 3

Selective attention
Filtering of unnecessary information
Too much information for limited capacity

Question 4

Explain the terms of perceptual,translatory and effector mechanisms

Answer 4

Perception - make sense of incoming information, use of selective attention
Translation - to decide what is happening and what to do about it
Effector control - put a motor programme

Question 5

What are the four sources of information used to make a movement - Schmidt’s schema theory

Answer 5

Environmental conditions - where am I
Response demands - what is expected
Sensory consequence - kinethesis ,how did it feel
Knowledge of results - what happened

Question 6

Using your knowledge of Schmidt’s schema theory, explain the importance of sensory consequence when executing a netball pass

Answer 6

Important so that performer receives intrinsic feedback

Info concerning the knowledge of performance, decipher the level of performance

Question 7

Explain the functions of recall schema

Answer 7

Prior to performance
Knowledge of environmental conditions
Knowledge of response specification

Question 8

Explain the functions of recognition schema

Answer 8

Schema - set of ‘rules’
During movement sensory consequence
Knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

Question 9

Explain the difference between the terms movement time and reaction time

Answer 9

Movement time - start to finish

RT- the time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the start of the movement

Question 10

What is choice reaction time

Answer 10

Choice reaction time - numerous stimuli and / or responses and s
Simple reaction time - one stimulus and one possible response

Question 11

Use the single channel hypothesis to explain why there is a delayed response by a player in tennis when their opponents shot changes direction

Answer 11

Single channel hypothesis - one stimulus processed at a time
Second stimulus arrives before first response can be completed
Cannot deal with second stimulus before first response can be completed

Question 12

What is the equation for response time

Answer 12

Response time = reaction time + movement time

Question 13

Identify the factors that affect games player response time

Answer 13

Type of stimuli 
Previous experience 
Gender 
Age 
Physical fitness 
Level of arousal

Question 14

Explain the functions of the short term sensory store and long term memory

Answer 14

Short term sensory store - receives information from display, selective attention
LTM- stores of past experience, mental image of movement to be performed,
Information from short term memory

Question 15

Define Baddeleys and Hitch’s working memory three subsystems

Answer 15

Visuospatial sketch pad - deals with visual and spatial information
Phonological loop-deals with spoken and written material
Episodic buffer - act as a backup store which communicates with both long term memory and the component of working memory

Question 16

Suggest how a coach help a performer to retain newly learned skills

Answer 16

Reinforcement
Use of imagery
Make information relevant

Question 17

Define the schema theory summary

Answer 17

Recall -> initial conditions(info from the environment),response specification (info about what to do)
Recognition - sensory consequence(info about the feel of the movement) response outcome (feedback about the result)

Question 18

Define reaction,movement and response time

Answer 18

Reaction - onset of stimulus
Movement - start to completion of task
Response - reaction time + movement time