Operation: Peacock Flashcards
Outline the ATP - PC system
Used in high intensity exercise
Anaerobic process, creatine kinase detects high level of ADP, breaks PC in muscle releasing energy which is used convert ADP to ATP,coupled reaction
Define short term lactate energy system
Produced high powered energy for high intensity effort in events such as 400m
Synthesis of 2 ATP,lasts up to 3 min but peak at 45 second
Define aerobic system
Used in low intensity exercise,glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
34 ATP formed
Define altitude training
Usually done at 2500+m above sea level where the partial pressure of oxygen is lower
Air drops
Reduction in the diffusion gradient of o2 between air and lungs, not much o2 diffusion so less haemoglobin saturation
Define High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
Period of high intensity work and recovery
Interval training used for both aerobic and anaerobic
4 main variables: duration of work interval, intensity or speed of work interval, duration of recovery interval, no of work intervals and recovery intervals
HIIT: short intervals of maximum intensity exercise follows by a recovery of low to moderate intensity exercise
Define plyometrics
Involves repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power, high intensity explosive activities. Muscles can generate more force if they have previously been stretched.
Eccentric phase - stretching the muscle where it lengthens, under tension
Amortisation- time between the eccentric and concentric muscle contraction
Concentric - uses stored energy to increase the force of the contraction
Define SAQ
Speed, agility, quickness
Speed - how fast a person can move over a specified distance
Agility - able to move and position the body quickly and effectively
Type of training that aims to improve multi directional movement through developing neuromuscular system. Maximum force, anaerobically.
Zig zag runs
Define massed and distributed practise
Massed - no rest intervals
Distributed - rest intervals
Define varied practise
Practise that is altered and different each time and can be varied within each session e.g one practise that is massed and the next mental
Define mental practise
Going over the skill in the mind without movement
Define the 3 stages of learning
Cognitive stage of learning- no motor programmes, uncoordinated movement , slow, not fluid or controlled
Associative stage - motor programming forming, smoother movements
Autonomous stage - actions are fluent, efficient, automatic, motor programme formed
What sort of feedback is used in the stages of learning
Cognitive- extrinsic, positive, knowledge of result
Associative- start to move from external to intrinsic,
Autonomous - detailed feedback, internal, development of kinaesthetic, negative and knowledge of performance
Define learning plateau, cause and solution
A period of no improvement in performance
Cause - lack of motivation, boredom, limit of ability, fatigue
Solution, allow rest, make enjoyable, new coach
Define rational recreation
Sport pastimes for the lower class which were designed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled
What were the socio and cultural influences on the development of rational recreation in the first half
Migration to urban areas - loss of space to play traditional mob games
Lack of leisure time - shift to machine time
Lack of income - low wages and poverty evident, poor hygiene - little energy to play sport
Loss of rights - criminal law changes restricted on mob football
What were the improvements made in the second half of 19th century
Health and hygiene - public baths,enabling more energy to participate in sport
Gradual increase in wages and more time for sport due to Factory Acts
Development of new middle class
Influence Of ex public school boys
Industrial patronage - factory teams set up
Improvements in transport and communication - leagues established
What role did the Wenlock Olympian Games have
Founder: Dr William Penny Brooks, mixture of athletics and traditional sports,
Society: campaigned for physical education to be in school
What influence did urbanisation, transport, church and British Empire have on rational recreation
Lack of space - built purpose built facilities
Movement of teams/spectators - nationwide fixtures developed on regular basis
Church - encouraged social control
Middle class - took leadership in roles for NGB
officers in the British army - used sports armed service
What are the characteristics of rational recreation
Respectability Regionally/nationally/ regularly played Codification Referees and officials Skills/tactics based
Explain the rationalisation and Morden day development of association football
Urbanisation
Improved transport
Increased professionalism - broken time payments enabled workers to get time off work to play football
Increased organisation - formation of FA 1863
Explain the rationalism and modern day development of lawn tennis
Middle class invention
Important activity in the emancipation of women
Middle class - alternative affordable to real tennis
Use of specialist equipment
Use of standardised rules
Explain the rationalism and modern day development of track and field athletics
Purpose built track and facilities
Exclusion clause to separate modern athletics from old professional
1866- amateur athletic club
1880- amateur athletic association
Define both amateur and professional
Amateur- play for the love of it, no financial gain. Gentlemen - having wealth, social elite,free time
Professional - person who plays for financial gain,
Explain how a coach can help the performer reach optimal levels of arousal
Situation,performer and leader characteristics must be considered
R- determined by the situation, P- performers ideal behaviour of the leader, A- leaders action towards the performer
Closer the leaders behaviour is to that expected by performer, greater chance of optimal arousal will be of high quality satisfaction
What’s the aim of sport England
Develop sporting habit for life co ordination
Investment in county sport partnership programme delivered regionally to meet specific local needs
Worth W local authorities, NGB, sports clubs
Explain some national partners
Lottery funding - improve the sport on offer for disabled people
Street games - create network of national and local levels to strengthen commitment to ‘doorstep sport’
What investment has there been in woman and ethnic minorities
Making woman’s sport a major priority financially across the board, “This Girl can’
Sporting Equals aim to help and promote ethnic diversity across sport
Discuss the use of caffeine
(+)Stimulates fat metabolism,preserve glycogen stored and increases speed of glycogen restoration, increased mental alertness
(-) loss of fine control, insomnia, anxiety and dehydration
Define and discuss the use of sodium bicarbonate
HCO3 consumed 1 hour before match, antacid and can increase buffering capacity of the blood
(+) neutralises acidity in blood, increases buffering capacity, increases tolerance LA, delays fatigue
(-) nausea and gastrointestinal problems
Define and discuss the use of glycogen loading
Form of dietary manipulation to increase glycogen stores over and above that which can normally be stored- 1st deplete glycogen stores
(+) increased glycogen stores, glycogen stores in the muscle, delays fatigue
(-) water retention, bloating, affects digestion, DDP- irritability,can alter training programme
Define and discuss the use of creatine mono hydrate
Aims to increase the amount of phosphocreatine, effective for events with high intensity
(+) replenishes PC stores, allows ATP-PC to last longer, improves muscle mass
(-) muscle, water retention, bloating, hinders aerobic performance
Define some vitamins
Fat soluble - A,D,E and K- found predominantly in fatty foods and animal products , stores fat soluble vitamins in the liver and fatty tissues
Water soluble vitamins - B and C: fruit and vegetables, not stored in body
What are the benefits of goal settings
Increasing motivation, development of task persistence, improve confidence, regulating and sustaining effort
What’s the difference between an outcome/ product and task orientated goals
Outcome goal - a goal set against performance of others and based on a result, e.g finish top 3
Task orientated - improvement in technique or performance , doesn’t compare against others
Define and compare between performance and process goals
Performance goal - athlete sets a goal to better their own performance rather than comparing to others e.g achieving a PB
Process goal - based on improving technique, improve technique on arm action
Define the SMARTER PRINCIPLE
Specific - goals should be clear and precise
Measured - some form of assessment to occur to aid motivation
Achievable - should be attainable- gain self confidence and satisfaction
Realistic - goals should be within reach
Time bound - short and long term steps, deadline to assess if goal being reached
Evaluate -evaluate how and when goal was achieved
Re do -target adjusted to ensure success
Outline the theories of learning
Behaviourist theory
/ Operant conditioning - the use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated
Observational learning - acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learnt: attention, retention, motor production, motivation
Social development theory - intra psychological learning - learning from within after gaining external knowledge from others. Constructivism: Vgotsky - zone of proximal development - what can I do alone, what can I do with help, what can I not do yet
Insight learning - using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill
Describe how you could dissect a motor skill for the analysis of technique
Preparation - allows identification of the technical detail to build leading into
Execution - allows the undertaking of the skill leading
Recovery - allows the completion and follow through to the next action
Summarise 3 memory system that are used in order to perform a motor skill
Short term sensory store - functionally limitless store of info,short period 1-2, selected info passes into the STM
Short term memory store - process whereby stimulus can go through the detection,DCR processing period, motor action plan formed
Long term memory store- storage in our long term memory with unlimited capacity,recall
Discuss how the various skill classification are used to promote the learning of skills + decision making
Different continuum of skills
Learner can process info linked to speed of stimulus, enable selective attention,
Skills can be broken down
Technical detail can be identified
Outline 4 reasons why NGB uses formal development routes from talent ID through to elite performances
Provides structure, specialisation, care of the athlete
Based on 8-12 years process which builds control of athlete career
Funding can be allocated as appropriate to each athlete when required
Cater for different stages of athlete development
Define broken time payments
Payments made to performers from sport clubs to compensate for the loss of wages
Payments which begin the process of professionalism
Explain how the structures of 4 different components of cardiovascular system enable them to be suited to their function
Arteries - thick walls,layer of muscle - resist high pressure of blood, allow it to stretch when blood comes through
Capillaries - one cell thick, allows gas exchange
SAN - allows electrical conductivity - next stage of contraction
Ventricles- thick muscular walls - pump blood to ventricles
Outline the names of each lung volume
Tidal volume - volume of air breathed in or out per breathe
Inspiratory reserve volume - volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
Expiratory reserve volume - volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
Residual volume - volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
Minute ventilation - volume of air breathed in or out per minute
Examine how an athlete would prepare for performance in humidity
Acclimatisation chamber, use of ice bath before competition, fluid replacement to increase, timing
