section a:the challenge of natural hazards

Question 1

what is a natural hazard?

Answer 1

A natural hazard is something that happens naturally like volcanoes and earthquakes which have an impact on our society

Question 2

name tectonic hazards, meteorological, geomorphological

Answer 2

Tectonic hazards-volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunami

Meteorological -snow, wind, flooding

Geomorphological-landslides

Question 3

name five factors to consider when natural hazards take place

Answer 3

natural factors-geology, topography and relief can all affect both the risk from natural hazards and the severity of the impact

Frequency - how often a hazard occurs. The more times a natural hazard occurs that people will know how to prepare.

Magnitude -the size and scale of the hazard event is linked closely to the risk of poses to people and the environment

Education -countries are usually usually well aware natural hazard. The level of education may reduce the impact and allow more people to survive.

Level of development/wealth -richer countries are more economical developed and have a great wealth and are able to prepare, predict, respond

time-this influence if people are in buildings

Population distribution/density -number of people living in a place and how they spread across an area can affect the severity of the hazard

Geographical-location

Question 4

How do earthquakes take place?

Answer 4

Earthquakes are distributed on a tectonic plate boundary plate and moving with enormous pressure that builds up and then is released. There is a lot along the west coast of America.

Question 5

Conservative plate margin

Answer 5

Two plates are moving past each other, there is friction between the plates

Question 6

Destructive plate margin

Answer 6

two plates moving towards each other, a deep ocean trench forms

Friction -earthquakes
As the plate moves downwards, it melts and moves upwards

Question 7

Constructive plate margin

Answer 7

move apart, magma forces up and as it breaks through overlying crust, it creates earthquakes and when reaches the surface forms volcanoes

Question 8

What are the two types of crust?

Answer 8

Continental-relatively light/less dense, cannot be created or destroyed
Oceanic-more dense ,can be created or destroyed

Question 9

what is a plate margin?

Answer 9

Plate margins are the place where to plates meet there is oceanic and continental plates

Question 10

describe the distribution of volcanoes in the world

Answer 10

There’s a ring of fire around the Pacific Ocean of volcanoes, there are volcanoes across the West Coast of America

Question 11

Why choose to live in hazardous areas?

Answer 11

people in poverty have other things to think about on a daily basis

Plate margins are at coastal areas

Building design can withstand earthquakes

Effective monitoring of volcano waves enable people to receive warnings

Fault lines with earthquakes can allow water supply

Fertile soils, rocks for building, rich mineral deposits

Some people may not be aware of the risk

Question 12

magnitude, epicentre, focus

Answer 12

magnitude – size of earthquake
Epicentre – is the point of the Earth surface directly above the focus
Focus – the point inside the earths crusted where the earthquake originates from

Question 13

case study-Typhoon Haiyan

Answer 13

primary effects-airport damaged,90% of tacloban was destroyed

secondary effects-infection+disease spread due to contaminated surface and ground water

immediate responses-over $1.5 billion of foreign aid was pledged ,33 countries organized to help

long term responses-no build zone along coast eastern visayas,build back batter

Question 14

a hurricane forms in the Atlantic. Why does the Caribbean need to worry but not the west coast of Africa

Answer 14

Because the hurricane will spin anticlockwise because of the Coriolis effect making the earth spin. This means it would end up moving towards the Caribbean

Question 15

give two reason where tropical storms form

Answer 15

There all on sea,because it needs mositure

Tropical storms need heat.Temps of 26.5 degrees this is only found at low lattitudes

Question 16

explain global atmospheric circulation

Answer 16

Air from the equator rise and moves towards the poles,then cools down and sinks at approximately 30 degrees latitude north and south of the equator.

The sinking air creates an area of high pressure with very little rainfall.

Some of the air moves back to the equator as surface winds called trade winds.

Question 17

what are the 4 ingredients for a tropical storm.

Answer 17

1.source of moisture-not on land

2.sea surface temperature of 26.5 to the depth of 50m

3.coriolis effect (earths spin) ——> none at the equator

4.low wind shear —–> wind in the atmosphere are ‘stable’

Question 18

name in order the cells of the earth

Answer 18

polar cell
ferrell cell
hadley cell
ferrel cell
polar cell

Question 19

name the tropics of the earth and where

Answer 19

tropic of cancer -north
tropic of capricorn -south

Question 20

explain v shape valleys and interlocking spurs

Answer 20

upper coarse of a river

Spurs are formed as a result of the river trying to find the fastest way down towards the sea.

The land and forms around the waterways which is why there is spurs around the river

it erodes vertically 

Question 21

what causes an earthquake

Answer 21

earthquakes are the sudden violent shaking of the ground.
They happen because the earths plates are consistently moving.
Sometimes because of friction plates try to move and become stuck.
Pressure builds up and because of the plates are still trying to move when the pressure is released.
It sends out a huge amount of energy causing the Earth surface to shake. 

Question 22

how can monitoring reduce the risk from tectonic hazards?

Answer 22

Remote sensing – satellites detection and changes to the shape of volcanoes

seismicity-seismographs record earthquakes

Round deformation – laserbeam’s form shape changes

Geophysical measure measurements – detect change in gravity

Gas – detect gas release as magma rises

Hydrology– measurements of gas dissolved in water

Question 23

how can prediction help reduce the risk of tectonic hazards

Answer 23

volcanoes – based on scientific volcano eruption

Earthquakes – historical records of plate margins have identified locations they believe that are at greater risk

Question 24

how can protection reduce the risk from tectonic hazards?

Answer 24

volcanoes – earth embankment are explosives to divert lava flows away from poverty

Earthquake – construct buildings and bridges to resist the ground shaking. Like concrete columns strengthened by a steel frame.

Earthquake drills

Question 25

How can planning reduce the risk from tectonic hazards?

Answer 25

volcanoes – hazard maps have been produced for worlds most dangerous places. Can be used to restrict certain land uses.

Earthquakes – maps can be produced to show effect of earthquake and identify at risk areas

Question 26

why is the UK weather like it is?

Answer 26

The atmospheric circulation system means that the UK sit just below the 60° N which puts the UK in the boundary of cold polar air moving down from the north and warm subtropic air moving from the south


Question 27

Describe the first two stages of atmospheric circulation

Answer 27

Air and sinks creating a belt of high-pressure and cold dry climate

At about 60° N and S cold polar air mixes with warmer air and rises, creating a belt of low pressure

Question 28

describe the 3rd and 4th stage to atmospheric circulation

Answer 28

cool air sinks , creating a belt of high-pressure. As it sinks it becomes warmer and drier

warm air rises, creating a belt of low pressure. As the air rises, it cools.
Clouds form and then release precipitation. Above the air will eventually separate and move to higher latitudes. 

Question 29

describe the 5th and 6th stage to atmospheric circulation

Answer 29

suns heat is concentrated
suns heat is spread out

Question 30

What is the evidence for climate change?

Answer 30

shrinking glaciers
Rising sea levels
Seasonal change
Temperature record records

Question 31

how do we know the climate is changing?

Answer 31

Tree rings – rings found in a tree trunk can tell us the age

Ice car – ice sheet glaciers. The tiny bubbles within the ice.

Question 32

How can we manage the effect of climate change?

Answer 32

alternative energy – 87% of all human produce CO2 emissions are the burning of fossil fuels. To help reduce carbon emissions we could use hydroelectric electricity.

Carbon capture – coal is the most polluting of all fossil fuels. Carbon capture and Storage uses technology to capture CO2 produced. Once captured the carbon gas is compressed and transported by pipeline to an injection well.

Planting trees – trees at his carbon sinks, removing CT from the atmosphere by the process of photosynthesis