Paper 2 Section b:the growing economic challenges

Question 1

what is development

Answer 1

Positive change that makes things better. As a country developed it usually means that people standard of living of quality life will improve.

Question 2

what is gni

Answer 2

Gross national income

Wealth and income can be used to describe a country’s level of economic development

Question 3

what is hdi

Answer 3

human development index

Life expectancy
Number of years of education
GNI per head

Question 4

what are limitations of economic and social measures of development?

Answer 4

Data could be out of date or hard to collect

Data may be unreliable

Doesn’t take into account subsistence or informal economies

Government corruption may mean that the data is unreliable

Question 5

What is the demographic transition model?

Answer 5

shows changes overtime in the population of a country. It is based on the changes that took place in Western countries such as the UK. 

Question 6

explain stage one

Answer 6

High birth rate
High death rate
Both fluctuate because of disease, famine and war
Population fairly stable

Question 7

explain stage 2

Answer 7

death rate decreases
Birth rate remains high
Population grows

Question 8

explain stage 3

Answer 8

birth rate drops rapidly
Death rate continues to decrease but more slowly
Population still grows, but not as fast

Question 9

explain stage 4

Answer 9

Low birth rate
Low death rate
Birth rate tends to fluctuate depending on the economic situation

Question 10

explain stage 5

Answer 10

birth rate very low and falls below death rate

Death rate increases slightly because of aging population

Total population starts to decrease

Question 11

Physical causes of uneven development

Answer 11

landlocked countries

Tropical Africa – climate related diseases and pest then call parts, disease affects the ability of the population to stay healthy enough to work

Extreme weather – costly to repair damage infrastructure

The lack of adequate supplies of safer water is a barrier to economic development

Question 12

Deaths in low income countries

Answer 12

four in every 10 deaths among children

Complications of childbirth

Infectious diseases: lung infections, HIV, diarrhoea related, malaria,tuberculosis

Question 13

deaths in high income countries

Answer 13

seven in every 10 deaths are over 70 years old

Chronic disease diseases: heart and lung disease, cancer, dementia, or diabetes

Lung infections are the only main infectious cause of death

Only one in every hundred deaths is among children under 15

Question 14

Investment to reduce the gap

Answer 14

tnc
The development of infrastructure such as water, roads and electricity

The construction of dams to provide electricity

Improvements to harbour and ports

The development of new industries

Question 15

tourism-reducing the gap

Answer 15

Countries with tropical beaches have become tourist destinations. This is led to investment and increased income from abroad which can be used for improving education, infrastructure, and housing.

Question 16

Industrial development-reducing the gap

Answer 16

Building Factories and creating an industry
+ employment
+ higher income
+ education

Question 17

Aid-reducing the gap

Answer 17

Donations from elsewhere
+ development
+ improve quality of life

Question 18

Explain voluntary aid

Answer 18

Richer governments give money to an international organisation, which then re-distribute it

Question 19

Explain multilateral aid

Answer 19

Emergency help, usually in response to a disaster

Question 20

Explain bilateral aid

Answer 20

Sustainable aid that seeks to improve resilience

Question 21

Explain short term aid

Answer 21

Money donated by the general public in H I.C’s and distributed by NGOs(non-government organisation)

Question 22

Explain long term aid

Answer 22

Aid given with conditions attached

Question 23

Why isn’t trade fair

Answer 23

Richer countries benefit more from world trade them poor countries

Richer countries are more powerful enough to protect their trade using taxes by making imported goods, more expensive than home attach goods

Question 24

What is free trade

Answer 24

Countries that do not charge tariffs to restrict trade with each other. Which helps the development gap.

Question 25

An example of a trading group? Why join it?

Answer 25

It encourages trade between member countries Richer countries cannot shop around for cheaper prices Members can come and a greater share of the market Members are able to get higher prices for their goods

Question 26

How does fair trade work

Answer 26

Fair trade set standards for trade for poor countries. It seeks to reduce the development gap.

Question 27

Nigeria importance globally

Answer 27

Supplies 2.7% of the worlds oil to countries like the UK, making the 12th largest producer. Nigerian cinema is now the second largest film industry in the world Nigeria is currently the fifth biggest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions around the world

Question 28

Nigeria importance nationally

Answer 28

Nigeria has over 19 million cattle, largest number in Africa Has the largest economy within Africa

Question 29

Positives of TNCs in Nigeria

Answer 29

Making contributions to taxes and export revenue Direct employment to 65,000, 250,000 in related industries 91% of shells contracts to Nigerian countries Supporting the growth of Nigeria’s energy sector

Question 30

Negatives of TNCs in Nigeria

Answer 30

Oil spills cause water pollution, soil degration Frequent oil flares send toxic fumes into the air Militant groups distribute oil supply in the delta Oil theft and sabotage, reducing production levels

Question 31

Have all Nigerians benefited from economic development

Answer 31

Yes, in 2000 Nigeria was placed among the least developed country in 2011, Nigeria had one of the highest average HDI improvements

Question 32

Regional importance of Nigeria

Answer 32

Fastest growing economy in Africa, highest GDP in the continent 182 million 70% of the population are employed

Question 33

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 33

A decline in manufacturing industry and the growth of tertiary and quaternary employment -Machines and technology have replaced people -China can produce cheaper goods -Lack of investment, high labour cost, outdated machinery, make UK products too expensive

Question 34

What is globalisation?

Answer 34

The growth and spread of ideas around the world, like cultures, goods,people, money, and information. Globalisation has made transport communications like the Internet and the explosion of quaternary sector in the UK

Question 35

what is a business park?

Answer 35

An area of land occupied by cost of businesses. Business parks are usually located on the edges of town because: Land tends to be cheaper than in town centres With more land available, it may be possible to extend businesses Access is often better by workers and distribution Businesses can benefit by working together

Question 36

What is a science park?

Answer 36

is a group of scientific and technical knowledge based businesses located on a single site. Most are associated with universities, enable them to use research facilities and employed skilled graduates. 

Question 37

Explain social effects of an area of population growth

Answer 37

commute is continue to use services in the places where they work 80% of car ownership is leading to increase traffic on narrow country roads Young people cannot afford the high cost of houses and move away

Question 38

Economic effects of an area of population growth

Answer 38

A reduction in agriculture employment as farmers sell their land for housing development Lack of affordable housing This area has some of the highest petrol prices in the country due to the high demand The increasing number of migrants from relatively poor parts of Europe and put pressure on services

Question 39

Social impacts of an area of population decline

Answer 39

The number of school children is expected to fall over the next few years and this may result in school closures With many younger people moving away, there will be fewer people of working age And increasing aging population with fewer young people to support them mainly to care issues in the future