Section 9

Question 1

What does the direction O2 and CO2 diffuse across the alveoli-pulmonary capillary interface depend on?

Answer 1

The partial pressures of the gases

Question 2

The pulmonary artery carries [oxygenated/deoxygenated] blood.

Answer 2

Deoxygenated

Question 3

Is O2 or CO2 more soluble in the blood?

Answer 3

CO2

Question 4

Changes in __________ causes the movement of the air

Answer 4

Intrapulmonary pressures

Question 5

Contraction of the ______ increases the neck to abdomen size of the thoracic cage.

Answer 5

Diaphragm m.

Question 6

Contraction of the ______ increases the anterior to posterior site of the thoracic cage

Answer 6

External intercostal m.s

Question 7

A passive process because elastic potential energy is stored during inspiration in the lungs and thorax wall.

Answer 7

Resting expiration

Question 8

_________ is caused by abdominal and internal intercostal muscle contraction decreasing thorax size.

Answer 8

Exercise expiration

Question 9

The volume inspired or expired per breath; resting value 400-500 mL; increases during exercise

Answer 9

Tidal volume (Vt)

Question 10

The volume remaining at the end of maximal expiration; resting value 1200 mL; slight decrease during exercise

Answer 10

Risidual volume (RV)

Question 11

the maximal volume expired from end-expiration (following expiration phase normal breath); resting value is 1200mL; decrease during exercise

Answer 11

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Question 12

The maximal volume inspired from end-inspiration (following inspiration phase normal breath); Resting value: 3100 mL; decreases during exercise

Answer 12

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Question 13

ERV + RV; decreases with exercises

Answer 13

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Question 14

IRV +Vt, or the maximal volume inspired from the resting expiatory level; resting value is 3500mL; increases with exercise

Answer 14

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Question 15

The IC + FRC or the volume in the lung at the end of maximal inspiration; resting value is 6000 mL; slightly decreases with exercise

Answer 15

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Question 16

The IRV + ERV or maximal volume forcefully expired after maximal inspiration; resting value 4800 mL; light decrease with exercise

Answer 16

Vital capacity (Vc)

Question 17

The amount of air (L) that is either inspired or expired in one minute; usually refers to expired air

Answer 17

Minute ventilation (Ve)

Question 18

Ve can be expressed in terms of ______.

Answer 18

Vt x F (breaths per minute)

Question 19

What happens to Ve with exercise and increased work load?

Answer 19

Increases

Question 20

Before exercise, what stimulates an increase in minute ventilation?

Answer 20

Nerve stimuli creates an anticipatory rise

Question 21

Slower rise in ________ exercise levels off to a steady-state value.

Answer 21

Submaximal

Question 22

True or false

Slower rise during progressive exercise does not level off but continues to rise until exercise ceases.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

With sub maximal exercise, VO2 and Ve have a(n) [direct/inverse] and [proportional/in-proportional] relationship.

Answer 23

direct; proportional

SO, as VO2 increases, Ve increases at the same rate; relationship is linear

Question 24

As max VO2 is approached, the linear relationship is lost. VO2 increases ______ and Ve increases ______

Answer 24

Slightly; large

Question 25

How do untrained vs trained individuals compare to each other in order to produce the same amount of O2 or CO2?

Answer 25

Untrained individuals must work harder (they have a higher Ve)

Question 26

What happens when the body is unable to take in enough oxygen?

Answer 26

The ETC shuts down so pyruvate builds up and is turned into lactate, which is then converted to H+, resulting in an acidic body pH

Question 27

How does a normal person's ventilation efficiency ratio (VO2/Ve and VCO2/Ve) compare to a deconditioned ventilation efficiency?

Answer 27

The ratio is smaller, indicating less oxygen efficiency

Question 28

A reconditioned patient has to ventilate more air to....

Answer 28

consume the same amount of O2 or produce the same amount of CO2 as a conditioned patient

Question 29

The portion of fresh air that reaches the alveoli and participates in gas exchange

Answer 29

Alveolar ventilation (Va)

Question 30

The volume of fresh air that does not participate in gas exchange

Answer 30

Dead space (Vd)

Question 31

During exercise Vd can double during exercise due to __________, but ________ also increases to maintain Va

Answer 31

dilation of the airways; Vt (tidal volume)

Question 32

Vt

Answer 32

Tidal volume

Question 33

RV

Answer 33

Residual volume

Question 34

ERV

Answer 34

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Question 35

IRV

Answer 35

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Question 36

FRC

Answer 36

Functional Residual Capacity

Question 37

IC

Answer 37

Inspiratory Capacity

Question 38

TLC

Answer 38

Total Lung Capacity

Question 39

Vc

Answer 39

Vital Capacity

Question 40

Ve

Answer 40

Minute Ventilation

Question 41

Va

Answer 41

Alveolar ventilation

Question 42

Vd

Answer 42

Dead space ventilation

Question 43

The nonlinear increase in blood lactate during exercise or the onset of blood lactate accumulation

Answer 43

Lactate threshold

Question 44

The exercise VO2 above which energy production from anaerobic glycolysis accelerates supplementing aerobic energy production

Answer 44

Anaerobic threshold; some think lactate accumulation is a sign of this

Question 45

Lactic Acid + HCO3- -->

Answer 45

H20 + CO2 +NaLactate

Question 46

Lactic acid is buffered by ________ buffer system yielding an increase in ______ production at the lungs

Answer 46

Bicarbonate; CO2

Question 47

Blood pH [increases/decreases] with increased Va

Answer 47

Increases; pH controlled partially by respiratory compensation

Question 48

In terms of lactate threshold, what is the difference between untrained individuals and trained individuals?

Answer 48

Trained individuals can use O2 more efficiently, so they can saturate the system with O2 to prevent lactate buildup

Question 49

As you move to max work load, ___________ takes precedence of ver taking in O2

Answer 49

The need to expire CO2

Question 50

At sub maximal workload (both at the same workload level), both trained and untrained individuals are moving the same VO2, but trained individuals are more efficient in moving O2. How do their Ve's compare?

Answer 50

Untrained individuals have a higher Ve; trained individuals can move less air to consume the same amount of O2