Name the heart valves: 1. Right atrium to right ventricle 2. Right ventricle to pulmonary artery 3. Left atrium to left ventricle 4. Left ventricle to aorta

1. Tricuspid valve 2. Pulmonary valve 3. Mitral valve 4. Aortic valve

Section 12 (Cardiovascular) Flashcards by Katie Kostelecky

What happens if the left ventricular contraction weakens?

Blood backs up into the pulmonary capillaries and causes edema in the lungs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The atria passes __% of the blood they receive into the ventricles passively. The remaining __% is passed actively by the contraction of the atria.

80; 20

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the heart valves:

Right atrium to right ventricle
Right ventricle to pulmonary artery
Left atrium to left ventricle
Left ventricle to aorta

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary valve
Mitral valve
Aortic valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does oxygenated blood supply the myocardium from the coronary arteries?

Oxygenated blood passes through an opening just above the aortic valve to the left main coronary artery and right coronary artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the deoxygenated blood pass through in order to get back to right atrium?

Coronary sinus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EKG, what does the P-wave indicate?

Depolarization of both atria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EKG, what does the P-R interval indicate?

Impulse transmission atria to ventricles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EKG, what does the QRS complex indicate?

Ventricular depolarization

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EKG, what does the S-T segment indicate?

Early phase of reploarization of both ventricles, indicates O2 supply of ventricular myocardium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In EKG, what does the T-wave indicate?

Repolarization of both ventricles, also sensitive to ventricular O2 supply

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the normal end diastolic volume (S1 sound)?

120 mL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the normal end systolic volume (S2 sound)?

50 mL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is stroke volume (expressed mathematically)?

[End Diastolic Volume] - [End Systolic Volume]

120 mL - 50 mL = 70 mL (resting average)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The amount of blood (mL) pumped from the heart per beat (mL/beat)

Stroke Volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of dustily just prior to ventricular contraction

End diastolic volume (EDV)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The amount of blood left in the ventricle just after the heart finishes contracting

End systolic volume (ESV)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The percentage of the end diastolic volume ejected with each systole (contraction)

Ejection fraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the mathematical expression of ejection fraction?

Ejection fraction = ([EDV-ESV]/ [EDV]) OR

EF = [SV]/[EDV]

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What two factors primarily affect stroke volume?

Preload (the stretch placed on the ventricles by the EDV just prior to contraction)
The actual force or contractility of the myocardial contraction or inotropic effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The the myocardial contraction force increases; the force of contraction decreases

positive inotropic effect; negative inotropic effect

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does stroke volume change with exercise?

It increases (compared to resting)

How does ejection fraction change with exercise?

It increases (compared to resting)

How does SV change in supine to standing?

It decreases: blood rushes down to LEs, causing a drop in venous return

How does HR change in supine to standing?

It increases to make up for the drop in stroke volume

A change in inotropic state means...

a greater or lesser force of contraction at a given EDV or preload

What causes a positive inotropic effect?

activation of the autonomic nervous system (exercise); increase means contractility increases (positive effect: frank-starling curve)

What happens to myocardial contractility in heart failure?

HF causes weak myocardial contractility (there is a higher end diastolic volume and lower stroke volume)

______ effect involves an upward and left shift of the Frank-Starling curve at a given preload (EDV) or an increased ejection fraction

Positive (during exercise, healthy hearts)

______ effect involves a downward and right shift of the Frank-Starling curve at a given preload (EDV) or a decreased ejection fraction

Negative (occurs in heart failure)

What is the main factor that contributes to a larger maximum cardiac output in trained subjects when compared to untrained?

Stroke volume

Both untrained and trained individual's SV plates at ____% max

40-50

The cardiac output (Q) at submax workloads in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals when VO2 is constant.

Lesser; trained have a greater a-VO2 difference, so they are able to use O2 more efficiently than untrained individuals, thus requiring less Q

SV in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals

Greater AT ALL WORK LOADS!!

The max Q in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals.

Greater

The amount of blood ejected out of the heart per minute from the left ventricle

Cardiac output (Q)

What are the different ways cardiac output is expresses mathematically

Q (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (L/min) Q = [VO2] / [a-VO2 diff] VO2 = (Q) x [a-VO2 diff]

Main factor contributing to the larger max Q in trained subjects compared to untrained subjects, is the increase in max _____

What does an increase in Left ventricular preload cause?

Increased SV

Compresses veins in the legs causing blood to be propelled to the heart

Skeletal muscle pump

Inspiration; increased abdominal pressure with a lowering diaphragm, forcing blood toward the hart

Respiratory and abdominal pumps

What does the decreased intrathoracic pressure do to blood circulation cause?

causes a "sucking" up of blood

What contributes to increased venous return during exercise?

1. Skeletal muscle pumps | 2. Respiratory and abdominal pumps

What pushes blood into the heart?

Expiration; increased intrathoracic volume

During exercises lasting over 30-60 minutes, Q is maintained but SV decreases and HR increases, this is referred to as

Cardiovascular drift

What two mechanical factors affect blood flow?

BP and resistance to blood flow (TSPR) | Q = BP/TSPR

The greater BP, the [greater/ lesser] Q. The greater TSPR the [greater/ lesser] Q

Greater; lesser

Express blood pressure mathematical in terms of Q and TSPR

BP = Q x TSPR

Why does BP increase during exercise when the total systemic peripheral resistance falls during exercise?

The heart needs to pump more blood to gain the same amount of O2 consumption; the heart is very dependent on blood flow where sk. m. is not; Q increases more than the TSPR

During rest the heart consumes ___% of O2 brought in the arterial blood. During exercise the sk. m. consumes __% of the O2 brought in the arterial blood.

70; 77 heart already extracting close to max O2 at rest, to increase O2 delivery to meet the increased myocardial demand for O2 during exercise the heart increases coronary circulation from 250-1000 mL/ min during exercise

HR at a given O2 will be [less/more] in trained than untrained

Less

HR at submax O2 is untrained is [less/more] than trained

HR at max O2 is untrained is [less/more] than trained

More; Almost the same but only a little higher