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Physiology > Section 12 (Cardiovascular) > Flashcards

Section 12 (Cardiovascular) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens if the left ventricular contraction weakens?

A

Blood backs up into the pulmonary capillaries and causes edema in the lungs

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2
Q

The atria passes __% of the blood they receive into the ventricles passively. The remaining __% is passed actively by the contraction of the atria.

A

80; 20

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3
Q

Name the heart valves:

  1. Right atrium to right ventricle
  2. Right ventricle to pulmonary artery
  3. Left atrium to left ventricle
  4. Left ventricle to aorta
A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Pulmonary valve
  3. Mitral valve
  4. Aortic valve
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4
Q

How does oxygenated blood supply the myocardium from the coronary arteries?

A

Oxygenated blood passes through an opening just above the aortic valve to the left main coronary artery and right coronary artery

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5
Q

What does the deoxygenated blood pass through in order to get back to right atrium?

A

Coronary sinus

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6
Q

In EKG, what does the P-wave indicate?

A

Depolarization of both atria

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7
Q

In EKG, what does the P-R interval indicate?

A

Impulse transmission atria to ventricles

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8
Q

In EKG, what does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

In EKG, what does the S-T segment indicate?

A

Early phase of reploarization of both ventricles, indicates O2 supply of ventricular myocardium

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10
Q

In EKG, what does the T-wave indicate?

A

Repolarization of both ventricles, also sensitive to ventricular O2 supply

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11
Q

What is the normal end diastolic volume (S1 sound)?

A

120 mL

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12
Q

What is the normal end systolic volume (S2 sound)?

A

50 mL

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13
Q

What is stroke volume (expressed mathematically)?

A

[End Diastolic Volume] - [End Systolic Volume]

120 mL - 50 mL = 70 mL (resting average)

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14
Q

The amount of blood (mL) pumped from the heart per beat (mL/beat)

A

Stroke Volume

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15
Q

The amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of dustily just prior to ventricular contraction

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

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16
Q

The amount of blood left in the ventricle just after the heart finishes contracting

A

End systolic volume (ESV)

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17
Q

The percentage of the end diastolic volume ejected with each systole (contraction)

A

Ejection fraction

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18
Q

What is the mathematical expression of ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction = ([EDV-ESV]/ [EDV]) OR

EF = [SV]/[EDV]

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19
Q

What two factors primarily affect stroke volume?

A
  1. Preload (the stretch placed on the ventricles by the EDV just prior to contraction)
  2. The actual force or contractility of the myocardial contraction or inotropic effect
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20
Q

The the myocardial contraction force increases; the force of contraction decreases

A

positive inotropic effect; negative inotropic effect

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21
Q

How does stroke volume change with exercise?

A

It increases (compared to resting)

22
Q

How does ejection fraction change with exercise?

A

It increases (compared to resting)

23
Q

How does SV change in supine to standing?

A

It decreases: blood rushes down to LEs, causing a drop in venous return

24
Q

How does HR change in supine to standing?

A

It increases to make up for the drop in stroke volume

25
Q

A change in inotropic state means…

A

a greater or lesser force of contraction at a given EDV or preload

26
Q

What causes a positive inotropic effect?

A

activation of the autonomic nervous system (exercise); increase means contractility increases (positive effect: frank-starling curve)

27
Q

What happens to myocardial contractility in heart failure?

A

HF causes weak myocardial contractility (there is a higher end diastolic volume and lower stroke volume)

28
Q

______ effect involves an upward and left shift of the Frank-Starling curve at a given preload (EDV) or an increased ejection fraction

A

Positive (during exercise, healthy hearts)

29
Q

______ effect involves a downward and right shift of the Frank-Starling curve at a given preload (EDV) or a decreased ejection fraction

A

Negative (occurs in heart failure)

30
Q

What is the main factor that contributes to a larger maximum cardiac output in trained subjects when compared to untrained?

A

Stroke volume

31
Q

Both untrained and trained individual’s SV plates at ____% max

A

40-50

32
Q

The cardiac output (Q) at submax workloads in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals when VO2 is constant.

A

Lesser; trained have a greater a-VO2 difference, so they are able to use O2 more efficiently than untrained individuals, thus requiring less Q

33
Q

SV in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals

A

Greater AT ALL WORK LOADS!!

34
Q

The max Q in trained individuals is [greater/lesser] than untrained individuals.

A

Greater

35
Q

The amount of blood ejected out of the heart per minute from the left ventricle

A

Cardiac output (Q)

36
Q

What are the different ways cardiac output is expresses mathematically

A

Q (L/min) = HR (bpm) x SV (L/min)
Q = [VO2] / [a-VO2 diff]
VO2 = (Q) x [a-VO2 diff]

37
Q

Main factor contributing to the larger max Q in trained subjects compared to untrained subjects, is the increase in max _____

A

SV

38
Q

What does an increase in Left ventricular preload cause?

A

Increased SV

39
Q

Compresses veins in the legs causing blood to be propelled to the heart

A

Skeletal muscle pump

40
Q

Inspiration; increased abdominal pressure with a lowering diaphragm, forcing blood toward the hart

A

Respiratory and abdominal pumps

41
Q

What does the decreased intrathoracic pressure do to blood circulation cause?

A

causes a “sucking” up of blood

42
Q

What contributes to increased venous return during exercise?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle pumps

2. Respiratory and abdominal pumps

43
Q

What pushes blood into the heart?

A

Expiration; increased intrathoracic volume

44
Q

During exercises lasting over 30-60 minutes, Q is maintained but SV decreases and HR increases, this is referred to as

A

Cardiovascular drift

45
Q

What two mechanical factors affect blood flow?

A

BP and resistance to blood flow (TSPR)

Q = BP/TSPR

46
Q

The greater BP, the [greater/ lesser] Q. The greater TSPR the [greater/ lesser] Q

A

Greater; lesser

47
Q

Express blood pressure mathematical in terms of Q and TSPR

A

BP = Q x TSPR

48
Q

Why does BP increase during exercise when the total systemic peripheral resistance falls during exercise?

A

The heart needs to pump more blood to gain the same amount of O2 consumption; the heart is very dependent on blood flow where sk. m. is not; Q increases more than the TSPR

49
Q

During rest the heart consumes ___% of O2 brought in the arterial blood. During exercise the sk. m. consumes __% of the O2 brought in the arterial blood.

A

70; 77
heart already extracting close to max O2 at rest, to increase O2 delivery to meet the increased myocardial demand for O2 during exercise the heart increases coronary circulation from 250-1000 mL/ min during exercise

50
Q

HR at a given O2 will be [less/more] in trained than untrained

A

Less

51
Q

HR at submax O2 is untrained is [less/more] than trained

A

More

52
Q

HR at max O2 is untrained is [less/more] than trained

A

More; Almost the same but only a little higher

Physiology (15 decks)

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