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Physiology > Section 1 > Flashcards

Section 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the source of an action potential for motoneurons?

A

Initial segment, aka axon hillock

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2
Q

Where is the source of an action potential for sensory neurons?

A

Sensory receptors

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3
Q

What classification does the motor neuron fall under?

A

Multipolar neuron

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4
Q

What classification does the sensory neuron fall under?

A

Psueounipolar neuron

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5
Q

Where is the cell body of a sensory neuron located?

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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6
Q

True or False:

Dendrites of a multipolar neuron are an efferent structure.

A

False:

They are afferent; Impulse goes from dendrites TOWARD the cell body

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7
Q

Where is Acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

Myelinated portion of the axon

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

Neuron that is located in the CNS and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

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10
Q

Neuron with two extensions from the cell body

A

Bipolar

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11
Q

Neuron with two extensions from the cell body, but look like one

A

Pseudounipolar

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12
Q

Normal physiologic conduction of action potential

A

Orthodromic

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13
Q

Action potential agains normal physiologic direction

A

Antidromic

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14
Q

True or False:

Some sensory neurons are unmylenated

A

True

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15
Q

Where are the dendrites of sensory neurons located?

A

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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16
Q

What do the dendrites of sensory form synapses with?

A
  1. Interneurons
  2. Cell bodies of motoneurons
  3. 2nd order afferents which project to the brain
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17
Q

Defined as those parts of the somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (viscera) nervous systems that are located outside of the pial membrane of the spinal cord and brainstem

A

PNS

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18
Q

What are the six main structures included in the PNS?

A
  1. Dorsal (sensory) and Ventral (motor) spinal roots
  2. Spinal Nerves
  3. Cranial Nerves III-XII
  4. Dorsal root and other sensory ganglia
  5. Sensory (receptors) and motor nerve terminals (NM junction)
  6. Most of the ANS
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19
Q

Where are cell bodies of motoneurons located?

A

Within the pial membrane; the spinal cord (lower) and the brain (upper)

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20
Q

Where do ANS sympathetic axons exit?

A

T1-T12, L1-L3

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21
Q

Cell bodies in the motor cortex and brain stem; axons from these cell bodies to the spinal cord segmental level

A

Upper motoneurons

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22
Q

Large lower motoneurons

A

Fast twitch skeletal muscle fibers

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23
Q

Small lower motoneurons

A

Slow twitch muscle fibers

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24
Q

Gamma lower motoneurons

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers

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25
Q

Name the 3 structures that make up the CNS.

A
  1. Structures entirely within the pial membrane
  2. The brain
  3. Structures within the bony vertebral column
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26
Q

Name and number the 31 spinal nerves.

A 
8 cervical spinal
12 thoracic spinal
5 lumbar spinal
5 sacral spinal
1 coccygeal spinal
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27
Q

Number the 21 anatomical points (location and how many) of preganglionic outflow from the CNS (ANS).

A
  1. Cranium; 4 nerves
  2. Thoracic; 12 nerves
  3. Lumbar; 2 nerves
  4. Sacrum; 3 nerves
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28
Q

Connective tissue that bundles axons.

A

Perineurium

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29
Q

Connective tissue that holds bundles of axons together

A

Epineurium

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30
Q

Connective tissue surrounding axons.

A

Endoneurium

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31
Q

Why is the endoneurium so important?

A

It’s important for the regeneration of the axon; it provides the framework for tissue to grow and repair itself

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32
Q

What boney structure do the spinal nerve exit the spine?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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33
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow occur?

A

Thoracolumbar outflow; T1-T12 and L1-L2

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34
Q

Where does parasympathetic outflow occur?

A

Cranial sacral outflow; Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, & X, and S2-S4

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35
Q

What type of axons does the dorsal root contain?

A

Sensory axons

36
Q

What type of axons does the ventral root contain?

A

Motoneuron axons

37
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots meet to form ________

A

Spinal nerve

38
Q

Loose connective tissue that provides protection and cushioning for spinal nerve, gives tensile strength, and elasticity to spinal nerve; thicker and stronger near joints

A

Epineurium

39
Q

What are the cranial nerves associated with the preganglionic outflow from the CNS ANS?

A

III - Oculomotor
VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus

40
Q

Where are the nerve terminals of the pseudounipolar neuron?

A

Synapse with sensory receptors

41
Q

What are the original fibers (axons) that exit the spinal cord referred to?

A

Preganglionic axons

42
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the autonomic neurons in the spinal cord located?

A

Ventral gray matter

43
Q

Where are there no preganglionic axons exiting the CNS?

A

Cervical levels, Lumbar levels L3, L4, and L5, and Sacral levels S1 and S2

44
Q

At only levels T1-T12, L1 and L2, the preganglionic axons enter the spinal nerves then immediately exit the spinal nerve within a branch or rami known collectively as the _________________.

A

White Rami Communicantes

45
Q

Cranial Nerve III

A

Oculomotor

46
Q

Cranial Nerve VII

A

Facial

47
Q

Cranial Nerve IX

A

Glossopharangeal

48
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus

49
Q

The levels of the spine that have exiting preganglionic axons are:

A

T1-12; L1 and L2; S2, S3, and S4

50
Q

The white rami communicantes directly attaches to a nerve trunk which is part of the ANS. What is this nerve trunk called?

A

Sympathetic Nerve Trunk or Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

51
Q

In relation to the level a preganglionic axon forms a synapse with the cell body of a postganglionic axon, what are the 3 areas in which it can form a synapse?

A
  1. At the spinal level in which it enters the sympathetic trunk
  2. It can enter and travel within the trunk to form a synapse with ganglia above or below the level at which it enters
  3. The preganglionic axon can branch and form synapses with ganglia BOTH at the level it enters and spinal levels above and below
52
Q

Postganglionic axons exit the sympathetic trunk in a branch known collectively as:

A

Gray Rami Communicantes

53
Q

Why are preganglionic axons called “white”?

A

Because they are myelinated (type B axons)

54
Q

Why are postganglionic axons called “gray”?

A

Because they are unmyelinated (type C axons)

55
Q

What spinal nerves connect to the sympathetic trunk with Gray Rami Communicantes?

A

All levels; C1-S5

56
Q

What spinal nerves connect to the sympathetic trunk with White AND Gray Rami Communicantes?

A

T1-L2

57
Q

Ganglia furthest away from the spinal cord

A

Prevertebral ganglia

58
Q

Ganglia closest to spinal cord

A

Paravertebral ganglia

59
Q

Myelinated axons (type)

A

A

60
Q

Lightly axons (type)

A

B

61
Q

Unmyelinated axons (type)

A

C

62
Q

The _____________________ serves as way fro spinal nerves which are not at the levels of outflow for the sympathetic division, to receive postganglionic sympathetic autonomic axons.

A

Sympathetic trunk or Paravertebral ganglion chain

63
Q

In the lower extremities, many of the synapses between the sympathetic preganglionic axons and the cell bodies of sympathetic postganglionic neurons occur in the ________________.

A

Sacral Sympathetic Ganglia

64
Q

In the upper extremities, many of the synapses between the sympathetic preganglionic axons and the cell bodies of the sympathetic postganglionic neurons occur in the _______________________.

A

Inferior, Middle, and Cervical Ganglia

65
Q

All peripheral nerves [except cranial nerves I, II, and VIII] receive postganglionic axons from the ___________.

A

Sympathetic trunk or paravertebral ganglion chain

66
Q

What division of the ANS does the cranialsacral outflow of preganglionic axons correspond to?

A

Parasympathetic

67
Q

What division of the ANS does the thoracolumbar outflow of preganglionic axons correspond to?

A

Sympathetic

68
Q

What must cranial cranialsacral preganglionic axons leave before they can travel to the trunk and lower extremity within the spinal nerves?

A

Ventral rami

69
Q

After the preganglionic axons of S2-S4 leave their corresponding ventral rami, they come together to form a nerve trunk called the __________.

A

Pelvic Splanchnic Nerve

70
Q

True or False:

The parasympathetic division of the ANS does not innervate any organs or tissue in the extremities.

A

True

71
Q

True or False:

The pelvic splanchnic nerve only contains preganglionic sympathetic axons.

A

False; it only contains preganglionic parasympathetic axons - it only innervates visceral organs within the pelvis

72
Q

The outflow of cranial nerve III synapses with the ________ Ganglion, is part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons innervate the ________.

A

Ciliary (prevertebral); parasympathetic; pupil

73
Q

The outflow of cranial nerve VII synapses with the ________ Ganglion, is part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons innervate the _______. [2 answers]

A

Sphenopalatine (AKA pterygopalantine) (prevertebral); parasympathetic; lacrimal gland

Submandibular; parasympathetic; sublingual gland and submaxillary gland

74
Q

The outflow of cranial nerve IX synapses with the ________ Ganglion, is part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons innervate the _______.

A

Otic (prevertebral); parasympathetic; parotid gland

75
Q

The outflow of cranial nerve X synapses with the ________ Ganglion, is part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons innervate _________.

A

Many ganglion close to, or in the effector organ; parasympathetic; many thoracic and visceral organs

76
Q

Preganglionic axons T1-L2 synapse with the ______________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons ___________.

A

sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral); Sympathetic; can exit at the level they are formed, or are directed down or up 1+ levels and exit innervating organs, or enter a spinal nerve to innervate structures in the extremities

77
Q

Preganglionic axons T1-T3 synapse with the _________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons_________.

A

Inferior, middle, and superior cervical ganglia; sympathetic; synapse with glands in the mouth, eyes, pupil; enter spinal nerves and innervate sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles in the upper extremities

78
Q

Preganglionic axons in the Greater (T5-T9), Lesser (T10-T11), and Least (T11-T12) Splanchnic nerves synapse with the _________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postganglionic neurons _________.

A

Celiac Ganglion (prevertebral); sympathetic; innervate the liver, spleen, stomach, small intestine, kidney

79
Q

Preganglionic axons in the Greater Splanchnic nerve (T5-T9) synapses with the ________, and is part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS

A

Adrenal medulla; sympathetic

80
Q

Preganglionic axons of T12-L2 synapse with the __________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postsynaptic axons innervate the _________. (2 answers)

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion (prevertebral); sympathetic; distal colon

Inferior mesenteric ganglion (prevertebral); sympathetic; rectum, urinary bladder, and external genitalia

81
Q

Preganglionic axons of L1 and L2 synapse with the __________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and postsynaptic axons ___________.

A

Sacral sympathetic ganglia (paravertebral); Sympathetic; enter sacral and lumbar spinal nerves and innervate sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles in the lower extremities

82
Q

Preganglionic axons in the Pelvic Splanchnic Nerve (S2-S4) synapse with the _________, are part of the (parasympathetic/sympathetic) division of the ANS, and post synaptic axons innervate ___________.

A

Ganglia colse to or in the organ’s tissue (prevertebral); parasympathetic; distal colon, urinary bladder, external genitalia

83
Q

Spinal level of the Greater Splanchnic nerve

A

T5-T9

84
Q

Spinal level of the Pelvic Splanchnic nerve

A

S2-S4

85
Q

Spinal level of the Lesser Splanchnic nerve

A

T10 and T11

86
Q

Spinal level of the Least Splanchnic nerve

A

T11 and T12

Physiology (15 decks)

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