Section 2, Exam 2

Question 1

Communication that takes place between neurons; electrical energy causes release of chemical, chemical is then released from 1 neuron, crosses synapse and binds with reception on another neuron

Answer 1

Electrochemical communication

Question 2

What are the two types of synapses?

Answer 2

1. Purely electrical

2. Chemical (more common)

Question 3

Fast axonal transport that goes from cell body to synapse (physiological direction)

Answer 3

Anterograde

Question 4

True or false;

Axonal transport is fast compared to action potentials

Answer 4

False;

action potentials are faster (2-120 m/s compared to mm/day)

Question 5

Fast axonal transport that goes from synapse to cell body; moves waste product

Answer 5

Retrograde

Question 6

What important enzyme is transported via fast axonal transport?

Answer 6

Choline Acetyltransferase

Question 7

How fast is fast axonal transport? slow axonal transport?

Answer 7

200-300 mm/day (takes 3.5-4.5 days to reach nerve terminal from cell body); 2-8 mm/day

Question 8

What organelle creates acetlyCoA?

Answer 8

Mitochondria

Question 9

What transports choline and cholinetransferase?

Answer 9

Vesicles

Question 10

This represses the formation of ACh receptors throughout muscle fiber?

Answer 10

Gene repressors

Question 11

Proteins embedded in bilipid membrane; channels that ions pass through; receptors are specific types of these proteins

Answer 11

Transmembrane proteins

Question 12

Overall, in a resting neuron, is the inside positive or negative relative to the outside?

Answer 12

Negative

Question 13

Transmembrane protein that permit passage based on transmembrane voltage; voltage causes channels to open; required for action potential

Answer 13

Voltage-gated channels

Question 14

Transmembrane protein that changes shape when a neurotransmitter binds with it, allowing passage of ions; produces graded potentials

Answer 14

Ligand-gated channels

Question 15

Where are EPPs produced?

Answer 15

NMJ

Question 16

Permeability is a property of the ______, not the ion

Answer 16

Membrane

Question 17

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is open (excited).

Answer 17

Depolarized

Question 18

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is closed (resting).

Answer 18

Polarized

Question 19

Net positive charge inside cell (relative to outside) to create action potential.

Answer 19

depolarized

Question 20

Where in the muscle cell membrane are ligand gated channels?

Answer 20

End plate - ONLY (think EPPs)

Question 21

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more positive

Answer 21

EPSP

Question 22

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more negative

Answer 22

IPSP

Question 23

Name the neurotransmitters that produce EPSPs

Answer 23

1. ACh (also only neurotransmitter responsible for EPPs)
2. Norepinephrine
3. Glutamate
4. Substance P

Question 24

Name the neurotransmitters that produce IPSPs

Answer 24

1. Gamma-aminoButyric Acid (GABA)

2. Glycine

Question 25

What ion shift causes EPSPs

Answer 25

Na+ influx

Question 26

What ion shift causes IPSPs

Answer 26

Cl- influx, K+ efflux

Question 27

Name the 7 general steps to provide an evoked muscle fiber action potential

Answer 27

1. AP in motoneuron 2. Increased Ca permeability and Ca influx in motoneuron parasympathetic in terminal 3. Release of ACh from vesicles into synaptic cleft 4. ACh binding with postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on motor end plate 5. Increased permeability of endplate to Na+; Na+ influx producing EPP 6. EPPs conducted by motor plate to skeletal muscle membrane 7. EPP depolarize voltage-gated channels in muscle membrane causing a muscle AP

Question 28

If pain is present, what kind of graded potential will be produced?

Answer 28

IPSPs; will inhibit voluntary movement

Question 29

True or False: | When an action potential is produced at a motor endplate, more than one fiber is being triggered.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Small releases of ACh when theres no stimulus for release of ACh; no action potential

Answer 30

Spontaneous release

Question 31

Some energy causes the release of ACh

Answer 31

Evoked release

Question 32

What drug can block Ca channels? Where does this interference take place?

Answer 32

Magnesium; the membrane of the presynaptic nerve ending

Question 33

What drug prevents the reuptake of choline after ACh is broken down at NMJ? Where does this interference take place?

Answer 33

Anticholinestrase; the postsynaptic motor end plate

Question 34

What toxin prevents the packaging of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

Answer 34

Vesamicol; the presynaptic nerve ending

Question 35

What toxins prevents the release of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

Answer 35

Botulism and black widow venom; the presynaptic nerve terminal

Question 36

What toxin blocs the binding of ACh to the motor endplate? Where does this interference take place?

Answer 36

Curare; the postsynaptic motor endplate

Question 37

The _______ is the direct cause of an AP in the membrane of a skeletal m. cell

Answer 37

EPP (end plate potential)

Question 38

The EPP is the postsynaptic _______ at the NMJ that produces or causes muscle APs.

Answer 38

Graded potential

Question 39

The ______ are caused in the postsynaptic motor endplate by Ca dependent spontaneous presynaptic release of ACh vesicles from the motoneuron's nerve endings.

Answer 39

MEPPs (mini end plate potentials)

Question 40

_________ channels conduct ionic currents that produce EPSPs, IPSPs, MEPPs, and EPPs

Answer 40

Ligand-gated channels

Question 41

Biological electrical currents carried by ions through the membrane.

Answer 41

Ionic currents

Question 42

When ions move agains the ________ resistance, the product of ionic current and _________ produce biological voltage or potentials

Answer 42

Membrane resistance; membrane resistance Potential (mV) = ion current X membrane resistance; V=IR

Question 43

Where are ligand-gated changes located?

Answer 43

Dendrites and cell body of membranes of neurons, and the motor endplate at the NMJ

Question 44

When a ligand-gated channel opens, ions will move in the direction of its ________ and its _______

Answer 44

Concentration gradient; electromotive force

Question 45

What do voltage-gated channels change in the membrane when the membrane potential changes?

Answer 45

Permeability of the membrane to ions (movement of Na+ into the cell is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential