Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Section 2, Exam 2 > Flashcards

Section 2, Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication that takes place between neurons; electrical energy causes release of chemical, chemical is then released from 1 neuron, crosses synapse and binds with reception on another neuron

A

Electrochemical communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  1. Purely electrical

2. Chemical (more common)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fast axonal transport that goes from cell body to synapse (physiological direction)

A

Anterograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false;

Axonal transport is fast compared to action potentials

A

False;

action potentials are faster (2-120 m/s compared to mm/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fast axonal transport that goes from synapse to cell body; moves waste product

A

Retrograde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What important enzyme is transported via fast axonal transport?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How fast is fast axonal transport? slow axonal transport?

A

200-300 mm/day (takes 3.5-4.5 days to reach nerve terminal from cell body); 2-8 mm/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organelle creates acetlyCoA?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What transports choline and cholinetransferase?

A

Vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

This represses the formation of ACh receptors throughout muscle fiber?

A

Gene repressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Proteins embedded in bilipid membrane; channels that ions pass through; receptors are specific types of these proteins

A

Transmembrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Overall, in a resting neuron, is the inside positive or negative relative to the outside?

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Transmembrane protein that permit passage based on transmembrane voltage; voltage causes channels to open; required for action potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transmembrane protein that changes shape when a neurotransmitter binds with it, allowing passage of ions; produces graded potentials

A

Ligand-gated channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are EPPs produced?

A

NMJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Permeability is a property of the ______, not the ion

A

Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is open (excited).

A

Depolarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is closed (resting).

A

Polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Net positive charge inside cell (relative to outside) to create action potential.

A

depolarized

20
Q

Where in the muscle cell membrane are ligand gated channels?

A

End plate - ONLY (think EPPs)

21
Q

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more positive

A

EPSP

22
Q

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more negative

A

IPSP

23
Q

Name the neurotransmitters that produce EPSPs

A
  1. ACh (also only neurotransmitter responsible for EPPs)
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Substance P
24
Q

Name the neurotransmitters that produce IPSPs

A
  1. Gamma-aminoButyric Acid (GABA)

2. Glycine

25
Q

What ion shift causes EPSPs

A

Na+ influx

26
Q

What ion shift causes IPSPs

A

Cl- influx, K+ efflux

27
Q

Name the 7 general steps to provide an evoked muscle fiber action potential

A
  1. AP in motoneuron
  2. Increased Ca permeability and Ca influx in motoneuron parasympathetic in terminal
  3. Release of ACh from vesicles into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh binding with postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
  5. Increased permeability of endplate to Na+; Na+ influx producing EPP
  6. EPPs conducted by motor plate to skeletal muscle membrane
  7. EPP depolarize voltage-gated channels in muscle membrane causing a muscle AP
28
Q

If pain is present, what kind of graded potential will be produced?

A

IPSPs; will inhibit voluntary movement

29
Q

True or False:

When an action potential is produced at a motor endplate, more than one fiber is being triggered.

A

True

30
Q

Small releases of ACh when theres no stimulus for release of ACh; no action potential

A

Spontaneous release

31
Q

Some energy causes the release of ACh

A

Evoked release

32
Q

What drug can block Ca channels? Where does this interference take place?

A

Magnesium; the membrane of the presynaptic nerve ending

33
Q

What drug prevents the reuptake of choline after ACh is broken down at NMJ? Where does this interference take place?

A

Anticholinestrase; the postsynaptic motor end plate

34
Q

What toxin prevents the packaging of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

A

Vesamicol; the presynaptic nerve ending

35
Q

What toxins prevents the release of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

A

Botulism and black widow venom; the presynaptic nerve terminal

36
Q

What toxin blocs the binding of ACh to the motor endplate? Where does this interference take place?

A

Curare; the postsynaptic motor endplate

37
Q

The _______ is the direct cause of an AP in the membrane of a skeletal m. cell

A

EPP (end plate potential)

38
Q

The EPP is the postsynaptic _______ at the NMJ that produces or causes muscle APs.

A

Graded potential

39
Q

The ______ are caused in the postsynaptic motor endplate by Ca dependent spontaneous presynaptic release of ACh vesicles from the motoneuron’s nerve endings.

A

MEPPs (mini end plate potentials)

40
Q

_________ channels conduct ionic currents that produce EPSPs, IPSPs, MEPPs, and EPPs

A

Ligand-gated channels

41
Q

Biological electrical currents carried by ions through the membrane.

A

Ionic currents

42
Q

When ions move agains the ________ resistance, the product of ionic current and _________ produce biological voltage or potentials

A

Membrane resistance; membrane resistance

Potential (mV) = ion current X membrane resistance; V=IR

43
Q

Where are ligand-gated changes located?

A

Dendrites and cell body of membranes of neurons, and the motor endplate at the NMJ

44
Q

When a ligand-gated channel opens, ions will move in the direction of its ________ and its _______

A

Concentration gradient; electromotive force

45
Q

What do voltage-gated channels change in the membrane when the membrane potential changes?

A

Permeability of the membrane to ions (movement of Na+ into the cell is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential

Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions