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Physiology > Section 2, Exam 2 > Flashcards

Section 2, Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Communication that takes place between neurons; electrical energy causes release of chemical, chemical is then released from 1 neuron, crosses synapse and binds with reception on another neuron

A

Electrochemical communication

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2
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  1. Purely electrical

2. Chemical (more common)

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3
Q

Fast axonal transport that goes from cell body to synapse (physiological direction)

A

Anterograde

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4
Q

True or false;

Axonal transport is fast compared to action potentials

A

False;

action potentials are faster (2-120 m/s compared to mm/day)

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5
Q

Fast axonal transport that goes from synapse to cell body; moves waste product

A

Retrograde

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6
Q

What important enzyme is transported via fast axonal transport?

A

Choline Acetyltransferase

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7
Q

How fast is fast axonal transport? slow axonal transport?

A

200-300 mm/day (takes 3.5-4.5 days to reach nerve terminal from cell body); 2-8 mm/day

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8
Q

What organelle creates acetlyCoA?

A

Mitochondria

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9
Q

What transports choline and cholinetransferase?

A

Vesicles

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10
Q

This represses the formation of ACh receptors throughout muscle fiber?

A

Gene repressors

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11
Q

Proteins embedded in bilipid membrane; channels that ions pass through; receptors are specific types of these proteins

A

Transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

Overall, in a resting neuron, is the inside positive or negative relative to the outside?

A

Negative

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13
Q

Transmembrane protein that permit passage based on transmembrane voltage; voltage causes channels to open; required for action potential

A

Voltage-gated channels

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14
Q

Transmembrane protein that changes shape when a neurotransmitter binds with it, allowing passage of ions; produces graded potentials

A

Ligand-gated channels

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15
Q

Where are EPPs produced?

A

NMJ

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16
Q

Permeability is a property of the ______, not the ion

A

Membrane

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17
Q

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is open (excited).

A

Depolarized

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18
Q

Term for when the voltage gated ion channel is closed (resting).

A

Polarized

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19
Q

Net positive charge inside cell (relative to outside) to create action potential.

A

depolarized

20
Q

Where in the muscle cell membrane are ligand gated channels?

A

End plate - ONLY (think EPPs)

21
Q

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more positive

A

EPSP

22
Q

Postsynaptic graded potential that causes the inside of the cell to become more negative

A

IPSP

23
Q

Name the neurotransmitters that produce EPSPs

A
  1. ACh (also only neurotransmitter responsible for EPPs)
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Substance P
24
Q

Name the neurotransmitters that produce IPSPs

A
  1. Gamma-aminoButyric Acid (GABA)

2. Glycine

25
Q

What ion shift causes EPSPs

A

Na+ influx

26
Q

What ion shift causes IPSPs

A

Cl- influx, K+ efflux

27
Q

Name the 7 general steps to provide an evoked muscle fiber action potential

A
  1. AP in motoneuron
  2. Increased Ca permeability and Ca influx in motoneuron parasympathetic in terminal
  3. Release of ACh from vesicles into synaptic cleft
  4. ACh binding with postsynaptic nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
  5. Increased permeability of endplate to Na+; Na+ influx producing EPP
  6. EPPs conducted by motor plate to skeletal muscle membrane
  7. EPP depolarize voltage-gated channels in muscle membrane causing a muscle AP
28
Q

If pain is present, what kind of graded potential will be produced?

A

IPSPs; will inhibit voluntary movement

29
Q

True or False:

When an action potential is produced at a motor endplate, more than one fiber is being triggered.

A

True

30
Q

Small releases of ACh when theres no stimulus for release of ACh; no action potential

A

Spontaneous release

31
Q

Some energy causes the release of ACh

A

Evoked release

32
Q

What drug can block Ca channels? Where does this interference take place?

A

Magnesium; the membrane of the presynaptic nerve ending

33
Q

What drug prevents the reuptake of choline after ACh is broken down at NMJ? Where does this interference take place?

A

Anticholinestrase; the postsynaptic motor end plate

34
Q

What toxin prevents the packaging of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

A

Vesamicol; the presynaptic nerve ending

35
Q

What toxins prevents the release of ACh? Where does this interference take place?

A

Botulism and black widow venom; the presynaptic nerve terminal

36
Q

What toxin blocs the binding of ACh to the motor endplate? Where does this interference take place?

A

Curare; the postsynaptic motor endplate

37
Q

The _______ is the direct cause of an AP in the membrane of a skeletal m. cell

A

EPP (end plate potential)

38
Q

The EPP is the postsynaptic _______ at the NMJ that produces or causes muscle APs.

A

Graded potential

39
Q

The ______ are caused in the postsynaptic motor endplate by Ca dependent spontaneous presynaptic release of ACh vesicles from the motoneuron’s nerve endings.

A

MEPPs (mini end plate potentials)

40
Q

_________ channels conduct ionic currents that produce EPSPs, IPSPs, MEPPs, and EPPs

A

Ligand-gated channels

41
Q

Biological electrical currents carried by ions through the membrane.

A

Ionic currents

42
Q

When ions move agains the ________ resistance, the product of ionic current and _________ produce biological voltage or potentials

A

Membrane resistance; membrane resistance

Potential (mV) = ion current X membrane resistance; V=IR

43
Q

Where are ligand-gated changes located?

A

Dendrites and cell body of membranes of neurons, and the motor endplate at the NMJ

44
Q

When a ligand-gated channel opens, ions will move in the direction of its ________ and its _______

A

Concentration gradient; electromotive force

45
Q

What do voltage-gated channels change in the membrane when the membrane potential changes?

A

Permeability of the membrane to ions (movement of Na+ into the cell is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential

Physiology (15 decks)

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