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Biology > Section 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Section 8 - Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What do all chemical reactions in your body produce?

A

Waste

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2
Q

What must happens to the waste that is created from chemical reactions in your body?

A

It must be excreted so it doesn’t caused problems

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3
Q

What do your kidneys remove?

A

Urea

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4
Q

What is urea?

A

A poison produced by breaking down amino acids

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5
Q

What do your lungs get rid of?

A

Carbon dioxide produced from aerobic respiration

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6
Q

What is needed for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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7
Q

What is needed to produce new substances for your body?

A

Molecules (glucose and amino acids) and mineral ions

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8
Q

How do many substances move into and out of the body?

A

By diffusion

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9
Q

What adaptations does your body have to allow particles to diffuse quickly through the surfaces they move?

A

The surfaces are thin / have a large surface area

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10
Q

Why does a substance being thin help particles to diffuse quickly?

A

So that particles do not have to diffuse very far

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11
Q

Why does a surface having a large surface area help particles to diffuse quickly?

A

So that there is more room for particles to diffuse

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12
Q

What are small blood vessels called?

A

Capillaries

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13
Q

How are capillaries adapted to be thin?

A

They are just one cell thick

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14
Q

Which way to oxygen particles move through a capillary?

A

They diffuse out of the capillary

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15
Q

Which way do glucose molecules move through a capillary?

A

They diffuse out the capillary

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16
Q

What does the continual flow of blood through a capillary maintain?

A

The concentration gradient

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17
Q

Which way do the carbon dioxide molecules more through the concentration gradient in the capillary?

A

They move down the concentration gradient

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18
Q

Why do multicellular organisms have transport systems?

A

Because it would take too long for materials to diffuse through cells on the outside of each tissue to reach the cells on the inside

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19
Q

How is blood transported to and from cells in a human?

A

A fine network of capillaries in the circulatory system

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20
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The system that moves blood through the body

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21
Q

What organs/things make up the circulatory system?

A

The heart, veins, capillaries and arteries

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22
Q

How does a larger surface area help a cell transport things?

A

A substance can diffuse into (and out of) it in a certain time

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23
Q

What happens if a cell’s volume is too big?

A

The cell cannot fill up with all the materials it needs quick enough

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24
Q

What is the equation to work out the surface area:volume ratio?

A

Surface area / volume

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25
Q

If the surface area:volume ratio is larger, what does that tell you about the surface area?

A

That something has more surface area per unit volume

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26
Q

What happens to a cell’s SA:V ratio if the cell gets bigger?

A

The ratio gets smaller

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27
Q

What does it mean when a SA:V ratio is too small?

A

The cell cannot get enough raw materials fats enough

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28
Q

Do organs that move substances into and out of the body have a large or small surface area:volume ratio?

A

A large SA:V ratio

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29
Q

How come lungs have such a large surface area compared to volume?

A

They are packed with alveoli, which increase the surface area

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30
Q

How does the lungs having a large surface area help it to do its process?

A

It increases the speed and amount of gas exchange

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31
Q

Name 3 adaptions that alveoli have to increase the rate of gas exchange

A

Millions of alveoli / very thin walls / good blood supply

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32
Q

How does the alveoli having a thin wall help increase the rate of gas exchange?

A

The diffusion path is very short

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33
Q

Does the alveolus have a higher concentration of oxygen or carbon dioxide than the blood?

A

A higher concentration of oxygen (which then flows into the blood, oxygenating it

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34
Q

When blood enters from the rest of the body, does it have a higher concentration of oxygen or carbon dioxide?

A

A higher concentration of carbon dioxide

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35
Q

By oxygen being rapidly removed after diffusing into the blood, what does this do to the concentration gradient?

A

Insures it is as steep as possible

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36
Q

How does breathing increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Brings in fresh oxygen and takes carbon dioxide away quicker, making the concentration gradient higher for these gases

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37
Q

Does oxygen have a net movement into or out of the alveoli to the blood?

A

Net movement into the blood

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38
Q

In the circulatory system which where does the blood flow into from the heart?

A

Arteries

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39
Q

What do arteries divide into?

A

Capillaries

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40
Q

What does blood return to the heart in?

A

Veins

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41
Q

What are adaptations of the vein?

A

Wide tube / thin, flexible wall

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42
Q

What is the purpose of the veins?

A

To carry blood back into the heart

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43
Q

Where are the capillaries found?

A

In tissues

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44
Q

What is the purpose of arteries?

A

To take blood away form the heart

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45
Q

What are the adaptations for arteries?

A

Narrow tube and a thick layer of elastic and muscle fibres

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46
Q

What pressure are arteries under?

A

A high pressure, generated by the heart

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47
Q

What pressure are veins under?

A

Lower pressure than the blood in the arteries

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48
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To allow food and oxygen to diffuse into the cells whilst waste is diffused from the cells

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49
Q

What do veins have that arteries don’t that allows them to keep moving blood in the correct direction?

A

Valves

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50
Q

Why do arteries need thick walls?

A

To withstand the sudden increase of pressure when the heart squirts blood into them

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51
Q

Why do arteries have a thick layer of elastic fibres and muscle fibres?

A

Because the pressure from th blood makes the, stretch

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52
Q

What does the stretch in your arteries create?

A

A wave, that you feel as your pulse

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53
Q

What makes blood flow in the arteries smoother?

A

Stretching and contracting (contracts after the stretching of the muscle and elastic fibres)

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54
Q

Why do veins only need thin walls?

A

Because blood flows under low pressure through them

55
Q

How does moving help your blood?

A

As you move your muscles help to push the blood along your veins

56
Q

What is the functions of valves in your veins?

A

To keep blood moving in one direction

57
Q

When you contraption your muscle what does that do to your blood flow rate?

A

Increases it

58
Q

What happens to your blood flow when your sitting or doing nothing?

A

There is almost no flow

59
Q

Why does blood slow down once coming out of the arteries into the capillaries?

A

Because there is little pressure to move the blood around

60
Q

What is a muscle pump?

A

Veins are located in the muscles so that when they contract It pushes blood towards the heart, the blood in the veins is squeezed up the vein and the valves open

61
Q

Why do the valves in your veins close when you are not contracting?

A

To stop any backflow because if the valves are open there isn’t much pressure to move the blood in your veins so due to gravity it would fall back down

62
Q

What happens if your valves don’t close properly?

A

Blood flows back into the veins, results in blood pooling, puts pressure on lower leg veins / when body is upright the blood flowing back to the heart may be stagnate in the legs and the pressure in the veins is directly under your skin which rises and veins become swollen

63
Q

What is a erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell

64
Q

How many erythrocytes are in a cubic millimetre of blood?

A

5 million

65
Q

How many white blood cells are in a cubic millimetre of blood?

A

7000

66
Q

How many platelets are in a cubic millimetre if blood?

A

250000

67
Q

Where are cells suspended?

A

In a straw coloured liquid called plasma

68
Q

What does plasma carry?

A

Dissolved substances such as glucose, carbon dioxide and urea

69
Q

What are red blood cells packed with?

A

Haemoglobin

70
Q

What does haemoglobin do?

A

Bunds with oxygen in the lungs and releases it again in the tissue

71
Q

What colour are blood cells when lots of oxygen is bound to haemoglobin?

A

Bright red

72
Q

What colour is haemoglobin when there is less oxygen attached to the molecules?

A

Dark red

73
Q

What is an adaptation to erythrocytes that help them carry more oxygen?

A

They have no nucleus so that they can contain more haemoglobin

74
Q

What shape does a red blood cell have?

A

Biconcave shape (like discs with dimples each side)

75
Q

Why is it useful for the red blood cell to have a biconcave shape?

A

It allows a large surfacearea:volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out

76
Q

What are the 2 different types of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

77
Q

What do phagocytes and lymphocytes do inside you?

A

Remove foreign cells that get inside you

78
Q

How do lymphocytes remove foreign cells inside you?

A

They produce proteins called antibodies that stick to foreign cell’s antigens and destroy them

79
Q

How do phagocytes remove foreign cells inside you?

A

They surround the foreign cell and digest them

80
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Produce substances needed to clot the blood at the site of an injury

81
Q

When do heart attacks occur?

A

When blood stops flowing to muscles in part of the heart, damaging them and stopping the heart pump blood properly

82
Q

How many chambers are in the heart?

A

4 chambers

83
Q

How does blood from most of the body enter the heart?

A

Through the vena cava (large vein) into the right atrium

84
Q

What happens at the same time blood enters the atrium?

A

Blood from the lungs enter the left atrium through the pulmonary vein

85
Q

What happens when the top chambers in the heart are full (the atriums)?

A

The muscles contract pushing blood into the ventricles

86
Q

What happens to the muscles in the ventricle walls when they’re full?

A

They contract, forcing blood out of the heart

87
Q

What happens as the ventricles force blood out of the heart?

A

The muscles in atria walls relax and the chambers refill with blood

88
Q

What do heart valves do?

A

Stop blood flowing the wrong way

89
Q

When you hear ‘lub-dub’ from your heart, what causes that sound?

A

The valves shutting

90
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

They stop the valves turning inside out

91
Q

What does the septum in the heart do?

A

Separates the two side of the heart

92
Q

Why does the left ventricle contain more muscle that the right ventricle?

A

Because the left ventricle needs to pump the blood all the way around your body but the right ventricle on,y need to pump it to your lungs

93
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood?

A

To the lungs

94
Q

Where do pulmonary veins carry blood to?

A

From the lungs to the heart

95
Q

What controls the contraction and relaxation of muscles during each heartbeat?

A

Impulses from the nervous system

96
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

The number of time your heart beats per minute

97
Q

What is a stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each beat

98
Q

What is a cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pushed into the aorta each minute

99
Q

What is the equation to calculate your cardiac output?

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

100
Q

What increases the strength of your heart muscle and ventricle size?

A

Regular exercise

101
Q

Does a fitter person have a higher or lower heart rate?

A

Lower because they have a bigger stroke volume so their hearts can beat slower and will achieve the same cardiac output as a less fit person

102
Q

What 3 things does your body constantly require energy for?

A

Moving / keeping warm / producing and breaking down substances

103
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

A series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose

104
Q

What helps keep animals warm?

A

Energy transferred out of the cells by heating

105
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic? And why?

A

Exothermic because energy transfer increases the temperature of the surroundings

106
Q

What is the main type of cellular respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration

107
Q

What does aerobic respiration need?

A

Oxygen and glucose

108
Q

Where in cells does respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

109
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide +water

110
Q

What does the circulatory system ensure?

A

That you have a good supply of oxygen and glucose / that waste is carried away from cells

111
Q

What is carbon dioxide carried in?

A

Plasma

112
Q

Where is glucose absorbed into?

A

Blood plasma from digested food absorbed by your small intestine

113
Q

What does oxygen carry?

A

Erythrocytes which carried haemoglobin

114
Q

During exercise what do your muscles need more of?

A

More energy

115
Q

What happens to aerobic respiration when you exercise?

A

The rate increases

116
Q

What happens to your muscles when you exercise and the rate of aerobic respiration increases?

A

Your muscles take in more oxygen and glucose form the blood

117
Q

Why do your muscles get more blood when you exercise?

A

Because you’re heart beats faster as you are getting more oxygen so you get blood to our muscle cells quicker

118
Q

Why do you breathe faster and deeper when exercising?

A

To increase the amount of oxygen diffusing into the blood of your lungs

119
Q

When you breathe faster what do your lungs excrete more of?

A

Carbon dioxide

120
Q

What happens to oxygen during very strenuous exercise?

A

Oxygen is used up faster than it is replaced

121
Q

What happens when you use up more oxygen than what you’re taking in?

A

The amount of anaerobic respiration occurring in the cytoplasm of cell’s greatly increases

122
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Cellular respiration that does not require oxygen

123
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

Lactic acidosis

124
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose = lactic acid

125
Q

What is the difference between respiration and breathing?

A

Respiration releases energy and breathing lets air into and out of our lungs

126
Q

What does anaerobic respiration release less of than aerobic?

A

Energy from glucose

127
Q

What is an advantage to anaerobic respiration to do with oxygenated energy?

A

It can release bursts of energy without needing any oxygen

128
Q

Why can heart and breathing rates remain high after exercise.

A

Because extra oxygen is needed to replace the oxygen lost from blood and muscles

129
Q

What else is extra oxygen needed for?

A

To release energy required to get rid of lactic acid

130
Q

What is the symbols for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

131
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration release less oxygen?

A

Because oxidation in glucose is incomplete

132
Q

If oxygen is present, what type of respiration is it?

A

Aerobic

133
Q

Why do muscles need a great deal of energy?

A

For contraction

134
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in a plant or yeast cell?

A

Glucose = ethanol + carbon dioxide

Biology (6 decks)

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